Indigenous Australians In Australian Prison System - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Australians in Australian Prison System. Answer: Introduction Indigenous Australians are majorly over represented in the prison system of Australia. As per the data of Australian Bureau of Statistics, the rate of women imprisonment has increased in the upwards of 50% during the period of 2005-2015. There is a remarkable difference in the growth rate of women imprisonment as compared to the imprisonment rate of men. In the following segments, a discussion has been carried on the historical context of the women imprisonment. The statistics are also presented to show the overrepresentation of the indigenous women in Australia. Further, an analysis has been done to understand the reasons for the high prison rates. The disadvantages and the feminist theory with regards to the imprisonment of indigenous women have also been highlighted. Lastly, the issues regarding the indigenous and non indigenous women in the prison have been discussed. From the times of slavery during 1619-1865, to Jim Crow in South during 1865- 1965, there has been a presence of division and discrimination on the basis of the color of skin. The indigenous people had to face domination from the pale skinned people, whether in this country or in the U.S.A. (Wacquant, 2001). Since 1991, when the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) was concluded, there has been a huge growth in the population of Indigenous people in the prisons of Australia. A higher rise was seen in the number of Indigenous people in custody. Even though the Indigenous people are uniformly over represented in the prison system of Australia, the rate of imprisonment is visibly higher in the Indigenous women and is still increasing at a speedier pace. Further, not much attention is given to the needs and circumstances of the Aboriginal women (Pour, 2016). The Australian Institute of Criminology presented the statistics regarding offender rates on the basis of gender and jurisdiction for the year 2007-2008. As per these statistics, the number of Indigenous female in New South Wales amounted to 5591 and males amounted to 13964. The same statistics for Non-Indigenous people amounted to 603 for female and 2389 for males. In Southern Australia, the indigenous population for female was 8203 and for men it was 19905 as compared to 504 and 2089 for Non-Indigenous females and males, respectively. In the Northern Territory, these statistic amounted to 4294 and 15995 for indigenous and 385 and 1831 for non indigenous females and males, respectively. This data clearly shows that the percentage of Indigenous women in prison is quite high as compared to non-indigenous women. (Bartels, 2010). A comparison of the prison population statistics from 1991, 2001 and 2013 shows the rise in the rate of imprisonment of women. The number of men in prison in 1991 was 12429, in 2001, it was 20960 (increased by 68.7 %) and in 2013, it was 28426 (increased by 35.6%). The number of women in 1991 was 607, in 2001, it was 1498 (increased by 146.7%) and in 2013, it was 2349 (increased by 56.8%). Specifically focusing on the population of indigenous women and non indigenous women in prison, the statistics reveal the alarming rate of indigenous womens rate of imprisonment as compared to other groups in Australia. The number of indigenous women in prison in 1991 was 104, in 2001, it was 370 (increased by 255.8 %) and in 2013, it was 28426 (increased by 109.5%). The number of non indigenous women in 1991 was 503, in 2001, it was 1128 (increased by 124.3%) and in 2013, it was 1558 (increased by 38.1%). The over representation of the indigenous people has been well documented in the criminal jus tice system. This growth in the rate of imprisonment in Australia has attained the attention of a range of legal scholars and criminologist. Investigations have been started to understand and explain this increase. One of the aspects of such investigations relates to the exploration regarding the specific groups of Australians, i.e. the indigenous people with an emphasis on the indigenous women. The emphasis is the result of the 20% rise in the imprisonment of Indigenous women in a single year (Baldry, and Cunneen, 2014). The speedy increase in the rates of imprisonment revolves around the ideas of culture of control, penal excess and the new punitiveness. The penal culture allows the exploration of the public sensibilities which undermine the penal values of a society. Penality means the study of punishment which is beyond the effects on an offender. This includes the social and cultural significance of punishment. The concept of Penality is broader and more complex as it explains the connections between the legal, political, social and economic policies which influence the whole punishment system. Most of the work of criminologists relates to bringing a change in the penal responses to the indigenous people specially the women. This includes the abuse of substance, racism, psychiatric and intellectual disability, discrimination, among the other things (Baldry, et al, 2011). The indigenous women have to face various disadvantages. The indigenous women are often victimized on the basis of alcohol, drug addictions, sexual and psychological abuse, physical abuse, and family breakdown. The National Drug Strategy Household Survey has stated that the level of smoking is higher in the lower socioeconomic groups and in the areas where such indigenous women live (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). The disadvantages for indigenous groups regarding health, housing, education, income and employment have been stated in Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage 2009 (Schwartz, 2010). The issues mentioned in this are not strictly related to the criminal justice issues, but are relevant to the justice reinvestment approach so as to reduce the number of offenses. There is a feminist theory with regards to the indigenous women in imprisonment. This again relates to the color of the skin. The indigenous women are over-represented in prisons. The socialists perspectives regarding feminism has developed over a period of time and relates to the systemic nature of patriarchy (Warke, 2000). Further a link between colonialism and patriarchy helps in understanding this concept of feminism. The racial understanding was founded in the colonial categorizations of inferiority and difference. Paternalistic along with the brutal colonial attitude towards the Indigenous women in Australia, has resulted in such women being cast at the bottom of the class ladder, with the prospects of obedient servitude towards the pale skinned society. Various evidences have proved that Penality in Australia continues to be shaped by pervasive patriarchal colonialism (Baldry, and Cunneen, 2014). The condition of indigenous and non-indigenous women within prison is troublesome. The major problem is the lack of awareness as a result of scarcity of literature in this regard. Even the final report of RCIADIC failed to address this issue relating to women in detail and there were no recommendations in this regard. The women in prison also lack the safety of the community. There is an immediate need for reformation of the law and justice system in Australia to safeguard the indigenous women from the various disadvantages they face, both in the prison and out of it. Dedicated laws and policies are required to be developed along with the combination of strategic planning to strengthen the legal service provisions. This would ensure the development of indigenous women to drive the necessary changes by resourcing, flexibility and government engagement. Various initiatives have been taken in this regard which includes the Aboriginal Family Violence Prevention and Legal Service Victoria (FVPLS Victoria). FVPLS Victoria provides counseling, legal assistance and prevention to the Indigenous victims of sexual assault and family violence (Burchfield and Braybrook, 2009). Such initiatives can only improve the present apathetic state of the indigenous women in Australia. At times, the indigenous groups are punished differently than the dominant groups. Based on premises that indigenous people have tendencies of drug abuse and family issues along with sexual abuse, an indigenous person is considered as guilty from the beginning. The indigenous women specifically face this problem as discussed above. The indigenous people are often painted as predominantly violent (Anthony, 2013). There is another view with regards to leniency towards the indigenous people. Due to the emphasis on the norms for safeguarding the indigenous people, a view emerged that the culpability of the people was reduced by the courts to rationalize the application of mitigatory principles. The sentencing of the indigenous people was based on the cultural backwardness. And courts held that such indigenous people were mostly under the control of some other person (Anthony, 2013). But such notion was only present in the early days of protectionism. In the present age, such individuals are not under any control. Various reports have established that there is still the presence of a bias on the basis of racism. Due to the past views of such courts, the present day proceedings hurt the indigenous people. And in reality, they are punished differently (Bosworth, 2004). From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the indigenous people in Australia have to face the problem of discrimination and are often punished on the basis of their status. The state of all the women in the prisons is quite alarming, but the indigenous women specifically have to face the penal culture along with the racism bias. More reforms are needed to prevent this discrimination. References Anthony, T. (2013) Indigenous People, Crime and Punishment. Oxon: Routledge, p 26. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2008) National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings, Drug statistics. Canberra: AIHW, Series no. 22. Cat. no. PHE 107., ix. Baldry, E., and Cunneen, C. (2014) Imprisoned Indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(2), pp 276-298. Baldry, E., et al. (2011). Imprisoning rationalities. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(1), pp 24-40. Bartels, L. (2010) Indigenous womens offending patterns: A literature review. [Online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/107/rpp107.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16] Bosworth, M. (2004). Theorizing Race And Imprisonment: Towards A New Penality. Critical Criminology, 12(2), pp 221242. Burchfield, S., and Braybrook, A. (2009) Improving Law And Justice Outcomes For Indigenous Women And Children. Indigenous Law bulletin, 7(12). Pour, S. (2016) Over-Representation Of Indigenous Women In Australian Prisons: A Consideration Of The Contributing Factors. [Online] Australian Policy Online. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/107/rpp107.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16] Schwartz, M. (2010) Building Communities, Not Prisons: Justice Reinvestment And Indigenous Over-Imprisonment. Australian Indigenous Law Review, 14(1). Wacquant, L. (2001) Deadly symbiosis. Punishment And Society, 3(1), pp 95-134. Warke, J.M. (2000) Prisoners As Women: Questioning The Role And Place Of Imprisonment. [Online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/womencorrections/millerwa.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16]

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The Misery by Anton Chekhov Essay Example

The Misery by Anton Chekhov Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Misery by Anton Chekhov 1. Misery is a short story written by Anton Chekhov. Constance Garnett translated it from Russian to English. Chekhov began writing with the purpose of raising funds for his medical education at Moscow University and upkeep for his family. In 1884, the author graduated from the University and began his medical practice. In 1886, he published his acclaimed work, Misery. The story in question revolves around Iona Potapov, an old sledge driver. It is set a week after Potapov’s son dies in a hospital, during 19th Century Russia. Other characters in the story are a military officer, three young men, a house porter and a sleepy cabman. Potapov’s horse also plays a role in the story’s proceedings. The characters mentioned, have a significant role in bringing forward Chekhov’s ideals. Anton Chekhov proposes that human beings have no concern for each other’s hardships. Various instances in the short story show this. The story begins with Iona seeking for a customer in the snowy town. Eventually, a military officer boards his sledge. Chekhov portrays the officer as an impatient and rude character. During the ride, he is as a cautious person just as well. When Iona attempts to inform him of his grief, the officer does not pay attention. They reach their destination and the old man gets new customers, three young men. The young men are obnoxious and rowdy. They pay Iona an unfair fare for the ride. When the old man attempts to inform them of his son’s death, one of the young men rubbishes Iona’s words. The young men impatiently get off the sledge at their destination. The old man decides to end his day by going to the yard. Unfortunately, he has not made enough money to feed his horse with oats. At the yard, he meets a young sledge driver. He wishes to share his grief with him, but the sleepy young man continues with his sleep. Chekhov’s story ends with Iona detailing the loss of his son to his horse as no one else seems concerned with his affairs. Chekhov is a brilliant writer. Several aspects of his writing are admirable. First, his introduction of Iona is impressive. He uses a highly descriptive style. Chekhov first describes the evening. He then describes how snow fell on that occasion, and its effect on the people and objects in the area. (Chekhov 168). Through this, the writer informs his readers that the story begins at the evening and ends at night. This instance also provides us with the season during which the story takes place. The writer also introduces the old man’s hardship through his stillness, in thought. Chekhov also provides the reader with a good description of the old man’s poor driving. He explains that the old man is restless. The writer compares the sledge’s seat to thorns. Chekhov also describes the old man’s difficulty in focusing on the road ahead. Iona, therefore, drives the sledge in a hazardous manner, nearly causing an accident. This situation provokes the military officer to speak to Iona. In turn, the old man sees this as the opportunity to justify his current state. Iona tells the officer of his son’s death. However, the officer interrupts the speech with his commands. The author uses a descriptive style to highlight the hunchback’s response to Iona’s hardship. He describes the manner which the hunchback licks his lips and coughs. This instance helps in showing the hunchback’s reluctance to share the old man’s grief. Anton Chekhov’s depiction of the characters is admirable. He develops them alongside the story’s argument. The military officer is a dismissive character. First, he assumes that Mr. Potapov is asleep by laying still. The officer asks the old man whether he is asleep or not (Chekhov 169). During the ride, Iona speaks to his passenger. At first, he assumes that the officer is ready to listen to the story of his son’s death. However, the officer closes his eyes and pretends to be deep in thought as the old man commences his story. The military officer portrays the notion that people lack genuine concern for each other’s affairs. Chekhov implies that people also take advantage of each other’s hardships in the story. He uses the three young men to portray this notion. The old man picks them up despite a terrible price for the sledge ride. (Chekhov 170). The writer explains that the old man has lost concern for the fare as his grief has occupied his mind. The three have an unsympathetic character. In response to the old man’s story, the hunchback cuts him off and tells him that they shall all die (Chekhov 172). The author portrays the sleepy cabman as a selfish person. He considers his sleep more important than listening to the old man. The writer explains that when Iona began to speak, the young man was fast asleep. Chekhov’s portrayal of grief in the story is admirable. He introduces the old man as a person stricken with grief to an extent that he is immobile. The author depicts Iona Potapov as a person who has separated himself from the society around him, and to an extent, reality. Chekhov describes the old man as white as a ghost, due to snow covering his body. Chekhov further highlights the old man’s stillness. This serves as a portrayal of his grief. When the military officer arrives, he thinks that the old man is asleep. However, he is simply sitting still in thought. The atmosphere in the story is described as dull and cold. This depiction is brought forward by Chekhov’s description of the weather. At the end of the story, the writer describes the old man’s lack of cash. As a result, he misses a meal, and his horse has to eat hay. This further contributes to the reader’s perception of the old man’s bad day. After finding no one to share his misery with, he switches to contemplation and watching his surroundings. Chekhov (174) writes, â€Å"Can he not find among these thousands someone who will listen to him? However, the crowds flit by heedless of him and his misery†¦His misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If Iona’s heart were to burst and his misery flow out, it would flood the whole world, it seems, but it is not seen. It has found a hiding-place in such an insignificant shell that one would not have found it with a candle by daylight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Through this instance, Anton Chekhov depicts his theme of loneliness. His choice of words further enables the reader familiarity with Iona’s miserable situation. In the end, the old man decides to share his grief with his horse. After all, nobody else is interested in sharing his story. The writer informs us that Mr. Potapov’s horse listens to him as it feeds on hay. Chekhov’s story raises many questions in a readers mind. In the story, the author tackles the old man’s situation casually. A reader wonders whether misery and isolation is a daily phenomenon. From the text, the author depicts sadness as a matter of daily occurrence. Chekhov informs us that the old man’s sadness leaves for a short while, and then comes back heavier than before. The answer provided is unsatisfactory. This is proven when contemporary life is taken into consideration. Not every day happens to be a miserable day. The author has taken a disdainful stance towards the female gender. The writer implies that women are of minimal importance, and all they do is weep during serious situations. This is a derogatory pronouncement. In his efforts to create conversation with the young man, Iona should have thought of a different subject. The writer’s words may upset an audience consisting of the female gender. In the story, Chekhov implies that no person bothered to listen to Iona Potapov’s story of hardship, only an animal did. The author describes the anxiety the old man felt as he looked at the crowd. When it hits him that all the people he sees are strangers, and none is concerned with his bereavement, his pain intensifies. From that, readers wonder whether humans are so cold and ignorant of one another, focusing on themselves instead. Chekhov should have provided at least one instance of an understanding person. It is a reader’s opinion that strangers may not be compassionate to an individual’s suffering. It does not concern them, and they will try to maintain their distance. Furthermore, a reader may deduce that the writer’s sick state of health, at the time of writing, may have disoriented his thoughts on society’s positive aspects. However, Chekhov’s story is highly successful in showing that people have little concern for each other’s problems. 2. Towards the end of the story, Chekhov explains Iona’s desire to speak to someone by comparing his desire for a conversation with the aforementioned man’s thirst. When he discovers that the younger man is asleep, he thinks of what he can use as a conversation starter. However, he ends up talking to his white mare. He tells the horse, â€Å"That’s how it is, old girl. . . . Kuzma Ionitch is gone. . . . He said goodby to me. . . . He went and died for no reason. . .(Chekhov 174)† The writer explains that Iona’s horse eats as it listens to the old man. Chekhov tells us that this simple act carries away the old man. From this, a reader may deduce the ending as a relatively happy one. The writer has solved the conflict of the story. The old man yearns for someone to listen to what he had to say, throughout the story. Amazingly, the horse grants his wish, as he feeds it hay. However, Chekhov should have adopted a different end to the story. An ending with the man talking to the horse is unsatisfactory. A horse is incapable of providing compassion to the old man. Furthermore, the horse is unable to understand the old man’s problems. Furthermore, it is an assumption that the old man knew the horse was listening to him. After all, the writer describes that the old man was carried away as he spoke to the horse (Chekhov 175). As stated earlier, Chekhov wishes to show that people have lost compassion for each other, during times of suffering. Towards the end of his story, Chekhov contradicts his earlier proposition. The writer states that the old man had not earned enough to pay for his horse’s oats. He relates this situation to the misery he has experienced throughout that day. The old man further states that people who have enough to eat ate always happy with their situation (Chekhov 174). From that instance, the old man implies that his misery is attributable to lacking enough money, and in consequence, food. That statement discounts the old man’s earlier need to share his grief, on his son’s death, with strangers. An appropriate ending should reflect the writer’s earlier argument on the old man’s grief. The best ending would be right before the author says, â€Å"His misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If Iona’s heart were to burst and his misery to flow out, it would flood the whole world, it seems, but it is not seen. It has found a hiding-place in such an insignificant shell that one would not have found it with a candle by daylight. . . .(Chekhov 170).† In that scenario, the story ends with an aura of misery. Iona wished for a person to listen to him, which nobody did. This ending enables the story to maintain relevance to the stated theme. Scenarios such as the talk with his horse, and the young man, are cut down on. Such an ending also emphasizes the cruelty of people, as portrayed by the crowd. The story has a dull mood, as described by the weather and speech. The proposed ending will enhance the story’s mood. Furthermore, at the chosen point in the story, a reader experiences its climax. An ending at the suggested point will serve to enhance literary t ools such as suspense to the reader. In the story, Anton Chekhov presents an interesting argument. He implies that humans have lost concern for their counterparts in the society. Various instances justify this thought, in the story. This article supports the aforementioned notion. However, it also mentions differing ideals, to provide an argument to Chekhov’s views. The writer’s positive aspects receive acknowledgement in the essay. Just as well, the article raises various propositions, for the purposes of improving the story. In this light, the essay provides an appropriate alternative to the previous ending. Works Cited Top of Form Chekhov, Anton P, Okla Elliott, Kyle Minor, and Constance Garnett. The Other Chekhov. Fort Collins, Colo.: New American Press, 2008. Print. Top of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form

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Dispelling the One-Page Resume Myth

Dispelling the One-Page Resume Myth Do You Believe the One-Page Resume Myth? I’ve been thinking about the one-page resume myth a lot lately, since it’s college, law school, and business school admissions season. Business school admissions clients have approached me asking if they need to have a one-page resume. My answer is always, â€Å"Read the instructions. Read the fine print.† Some business schools do request a one-page resume as part of their application. If they do, you must deliver. I took one client’s one-and-a-half-page resume and shrank it to one page so he could use it for his business school applications. The formatting tricks I employed did not include shrinking the font size or obliterating any white space on the resume. In general, however, there is no rule that a resume should be only one page. There are many instances when a two- or even three-page resume is not only appropriate, it’s expected. Yet the one-page resume myth persists. Job seekers are being misled that recruiters, hiring managers, and HR professionals won’t read a resume that is longer than one page. That’s simply not true. You Need a Longer Resume! It IS true that a recruiter or hiring manager will read your resume for just seconds when it is first screened. But this first review is only to determine if you are a match for the position. If you are considered a serious candidate, your resume will be read again. If you believe an HR professional won’t read a two-page resume, consider the resume screening process. The screener’s boss is asking him or her to come up with a handful of people to interview. If you try to condense 5-10 years of experience to fit an artificial one-page limit, your resume will not include sufficient information for the HR person to make an informed decision. Given a choice between a well-written two-page resume or a crammed one-page resume which omits notable accomplishments, the HR professional is likely to choose the longer one. If you submit a two-page resume, the worst that can happen is that the reader decides you’re not a match for the job. But if you do seem to fit the job requirements, that person will want to know even more about you. A well-organized two-page resume can actually make it easier for the screener to determine if you’re a good match for the position. Variations on the One-Page Resume Myth There is a specific myth circulating that if you apply for a job at Google, you need a one-page resume. This myth has been debunked by people with hiring power at Google itself, including Laszlo Bock, Senior VP, who believes that you need one page for every ten years of work experience. And since many applicants to Google are fairly new graduates or even students applying for internships, the 1-page guideline often applies. Some recruiters are vocal about their desire for a one-page resume. The great thing about recruiters, though, is that they’ll tell you what you want and you can always create a one-page resume from a longer one. Keep in mind, however, that recruiters are responsible for less than 25% of job placements, and not all recruiters even subscribe to the one-page limit. College Students and One-Page Resumes College professors also share some of the blame for perpetuating the one-page resume myth. Some professors - who have no connection to the employment world - believe â€Å"their way† is the right way to do things. They provide a template to their students and require advisees to use that format, even if the person is a non-traditional student who has an extensive work history or career path that sets them apart from other job candidates with similar educational backgrounds. While it is unusual for most 21-year-olds to need a two-page resume, some accomplished graduates have enough experience to warrant exceeding one page. When I worked with a Cornell student who was applying for jobs in finance, I quickly discovered that she had more information than I wanted to squeeze onto on one page. We gave her a 2-page resume, and she got a sought-after position at Burger King. She is now a Retail Channels Senior Analyst at UPS – and she got there with a 2-page resume. Online Resumes Resumes submitted online are less likely to be affected by the one-page resume myth. Resumes uploaded to company websites aren’t affected by page limits. And since approximately 30 percent of resumes are only stored electronically, the screener never even knows it’s more than one page. The Long and the Short of Resume Length Length does matter. Your resume should be exactly as long as necessary to communicate what the reader needs to know †¦ and not one word more. When hiring managers and HR professionals are surveyed about resume length, the majority express a preference for resumes that are one OR two pages. The general consensus is â€Å"as long as needed to convey the applicant’s qualifications.† Here are some guidelines for deciding resume length: If your resume spills over onto a second page for only a few lines, it’s worth editing. Try shortening your bullets, or adjust the font, margins, and/or line spacing to fit it onto one page. Don’t bury key information on the second page. If the first page doesn’t hook the reader, he or she isn’t even going to make it to the second page. Don’t be afraid to go beyond two pages if your experience warrants it. Senior executives often require three- or four-page resumes. So do many physicians, lawyers, and professors who might be using a â€Å"CV† in lieu of a resume. Traditional college students and those with five years or less of experience can often fit their resumes onto one page. Most others can (and should) use one page OR two, unless specifically instructed by a school or company. Make sure that everything you include - regardless of length - is relevant to your job target! Don’t make your resume unnecessarily long with less relevant material. Are you looking for help to create a one-page, two-page, or even three-page resume? Need some input on how long your resume should be? The Essay Expert offers hourly and full-service resume services, or get started with  a 15-minute live resume review. A version of this article appears in Executive Secretary Magazine, a global training publication and must read for any administrative professional. You can get a 30% discount on an individual subscription when you subscribe through us. Email  subscriptions@executivesecretary.com  and tell them we sent you.