The Evolution of Art and Style during the Renaissance

Art, like everything in society, evolves at a certain space. During the Renaissance, art was always pushing the limits from what was previously seen or created. The Renaissance was a revival of Classical Antiquity and the artists went above the standard and created pieces that were intricate and visually pleasing. While the Baroque period was also a time of revival, it mostly revolved around the Catholic religion. Artists wanted to portray classic religious scenes in a more expressive way because during this time, protestantism was on the rise and in order to try and squash this new religion, the Catholics reinvented some great religious pieces but in a more emotional way. Through these following pieces, the evolution of art and style is evident. The first piece comes from the year 1320 ,which is considered the Proto-Renaissance, and it is from Giotto di Bondone. It is call The Adoration of the Magi and it depicts the scene of Jesus birth and how the three wise men came and pa id their respects for the new king, Jesus. This piece helps you understand the switch in style of art because it allows the viewer to understand what the basic standard of excellent art was before the Renaissance. This work is tempera on wood and you can see that it is Proto-Renaissance/ Byzantine because of its one dimensional look and how each subject in the painting is visible and how they have basic expressions. In the next painting, standards for paintings slowly started to change fromShow MoreRelatedEssay Time Capsule1406 Words   |  6 Pagesevolved and proof of this evolution is seen in each of the different concepts that humanities cover. There are several time capsules that are rumored to contain pieces of some of the most influential art, music, architecture, philosophy, and literature in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. 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Australian Competition And Consumer Commission V TPG Internet Pty Ltd

Questions: 1. Briefly describe the nature of TPGs advertising which caused ACCC to bring these proceedings?2. What statutory provisions did ACCC allege that TPGs advertising contravened?3. What were the findings (conclusions) of the primary judge about the following aspects of the advertising? bundling. the set up fee. single price.4. What were the differences in principle between the approach of the Full Court and the approach of the primary judge in evaluating whether the TPG advertising was misleading? 5. The High Court concluded that the approach taken by the Full Court was not correct. For what reason or reasons did the High Court come to this conclusion? 6. The Full Court, in coming to its conclusions, applied as a precedent the ratio in a case called Parkdale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu (Puxu). The High Court said that the Full Court wrongly applied the principle in Puxu. Explain why the High Court thought Puxu was not a proper precedent to apply to the TPG advertising? 7. What did the High Court have to say about the dominant message approach? 8. What did the High Court say about the assumed level of knowledge in TPGs target audience? 9. Is an intention to mislead essential for advertising to be misleading? Explain what the High Court thought about this?10. If you were employed in the marketing section of an internet service provider or a fitness centre which was about to launch an advertising campaign promoting an attractive plan for membership in which there were several parts (costs and benefits) to be taken into account by potential customers, what advice would you give about the format of the advertising, based on your understanding of the High Courts ruling in ACCC v TPG? Answers: 1. TPG Internet Pty is a company which provided internet and telephone connections to the consumers. The company gave its internet and phone connections under the name ADSL2+. The careless nature of TPG Internet Pty provoked ACCC to bring these proceedings. The company didnt accomplish its promises and in return, made customers pay more than the amount advertised. TPG Internet Pty advertised about its services in newspapers and online and didnt mention about any set-up cost and related additional cost. In the advertisement, it was mentioned that the exact cost of taking internet service from TPG Internet Pty was $29.99. But most shocking part about the companys nature was that in spite of advertising a fixed amount for internet services, they charged some hidden costs. The hidden charges included set-up fee and telephone charges. The consumer had to pay a total of $149.95 instead of $29.99, as advertised by the company. The costing of $149.95 included telephone charges of $30 and oth er hidden charges (Taylor, 2009). Hence, the company didnt meet its promises as advertised and made consumer pay hefty sum for internet connections. This was the reason that ACCC took action against TPG Internet Pty. 2. By definition, statutory provisions are defined as the details about a law passed by the government. As TPG Internet Pty charged consumers extra and made them pay hefty sum for internet connections, strict actions were taken against the company. As per ACCC, TPG Internet Pty had been misleading consumers by advertising wrong amount for their internet services. The amount mentioned in the advertisement for the services was different than what was charged from consumers. The company, predominantly asked the consumers to pay certain hidden charges such as setting-up internet connection, phone set-up charges etc which increased the bill to $149.95. This was against the Trade Practices Act 1974. Under this Act, consumers are protected against unfair trade practices led by companies. Many times, companies exploit their consumers and charge them extra than what was being agreed (Taylor, 2009). Hence, this act intends to protect consumers. In this case, TPG Internet Pty exploited consumer s by charging them extra than what was promised. Hence, their practices were against Trade Practices Act 1974 as they didnt give any single amount to consumers and misled them. 3. There are three perspectives on which primary judge gave his opinion. These included Bundling, The set up free and Single Price. Bundling: Primary judge stated that any such effect should be advertised by the company clearly. The company should declare a unified figure for its services without misleading consumers and making them pay extra afterwards. However, in case of TPG Internet Pty, company didnt give any unified figure in the advertisement and also didnt make clear that what all would be included in the hidden costs. They misled consumers by advertising fake amount and hence charged extra (Jeffrey, 1994). Set Up Free: Judge stated that set-up fee is usually charged from the consumers whose connection is less than 2 years. Hence, customers must be given an idea about its cost by the company. However, in this case, the company didnt mention anything about set up fee and hence, it was assumed that the set-up might be free. Moreover, the advertisement mentioned one-line fee about the internet connection which misled consumers about set-up charges. Single Price: Judge stated that consumers must be given a single price which would cost them after including all costs. In this case, TPG Internet Pty didnt mention any clear figure instead misled them by including a low amount and then adding many additional charges. Hence, the final amount that consumers had to pay was $509.89. It was against the Trade Practices Act 1974. 4. There was a considerable difference between the judgements given by primary judge and full court regarding whether the advertisement posted by TPG Internet Pty was misleading or not. Primary judge stated that it was the fault of the company that it misled consumers by adding up bundling charges, set-up fee and didnt mentioning about one price. TPG Internet Pty advertised that cost of an internet connection was $29.99. However, there were numerous additional charges which were hidden and didnt make clear in the advertisement. Hence, the total cost of service amounted to be $149.95. Hence, he advised that TPG Internet Pty should correct their advertisement if they didnt want their ad to be misled by consumers (Dennis, 1996). Alternatively, full court had a different approach. He stated that consumers were at fault in the case of TPG Internet Pty. Consumers should go through the advertisements carefully before taking up any such service from a company. Consumers were expected to be d iligent and careful in this case. If they would have acted carefully, they might not face such trouble. 5. The high court stated that full court didnt adopt correct approach in this case. As per full court, consumers were at fault since they should have read advertisement properly. The court argued that consumers were at fault in the case of TPG Internet Pty. Consumers should have gone through the advertisements carefully before taking up any such service from a company. Consumers were expected to be diligent and careful in this case. If they would have acted carefully, they might have not faced such trouble. Secondly, the statements that full court used were wrong and appeared weird. Thirdly, the court decided that misleading can be neutralized and this was not the right method to do so. Fourthly, the high court found out that the full court didnt apply the principles of Puxu case correctly to the case of TPG Internet Pty. Hence, high court found out that full court didnt adopt correct method. 6. As per High court, Full court wrongly applied the principles of Puxu case due to many reasons. In case of Parkdale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu, the company was selling furniture and misled consumers due to which the court had argued that consumers must check the furniture carefully before buying it. However, in the case of TPG Internet Pty, the company didnt sell any kind of furniture but internet connection. Hence, the principles applied to Puxu case couldnt be applied to TPG Internet Pty case. In this case, the company was at fault. It misled consumers by adding up bundling charges, set-up fee and didnt mentioning about one price (Bradbrook, 1989). Due to this reason, the high court argued that full court wrongly applied the principles of Puxu. 7. The Dominant Message approach was adopted by high court. The High Court liked the dominant message approach as consumers didnt go to showrooms with a fixed mindset about their purchase. In case, when consumers are required to go to showrooms to buy the product, they have fixed conditions about their purchase. But in this case, consumers just had an advertisement to rely upon. Moreover, consumers dont go through advertisements carefully. Hence, they relied mostly on prominent messages (Kercher, 1985). The court stated that consumers must be careful. Alternatively, company should not advertise such messages with dominant messages that mislead consumers. 8. Generally, consumers have some knowledge about a commodity or service before buying. However, the information if incomplete can lead to trouble. In case of TPG Internet Pty, the court assumed that customers might have some general knowledge about the connection. In other words, customers might assume that connection comes with a bundling package with telephone line. But the message advertised by TPG Internet Pty stated something different. As per the advertisement, it was assumed that there were no additional costs associated with the connection. However, the same was proved wrong by the company later on. 9. In advertising, it is not essential to mislead consumers in order to allure consumers. However, in this case of TPG Internet Pty, the company didnt have any intensions to mislead consumers. The primary objective of TPG Internet Pty was to attract consumers and present the services in the best way possible (Kercher, 1985). ACCC also didnt mention anything about the wrong intensions of the company instead stated that TPG Internet Pty had the intension of presenting their best features in the advertisement. 10. If I have been employed in the marketing team of an internet service provider company, the advice I would have given to the company was to provide customers with clear information about the service and its features. The one of the most crucial things I will focus on is providing correct information to customers and never misleading them. I would have advised that presenting features in best possible way isnt wrong but misleading consumers is wrong and unfair as per Trade Practices Act 1974. Hence, the best way to present features of a service is to clearly mention the amount, the additional charges and a unified figure which will be charged from consumers. References Taylor, P. (2009). Street v Queensland Bar Association., 168 CLR 461. Jeffrey, B. (1994). "Statutory Interpretation, Law Reform and Sampford's Theory of the Disorder of Law" Part One (1994) 22 Federal Law Review 116; Part Two, (1995) 23 Federal Law Review 77. Dennis, C. (1996). Statutory Interpretation in Australia., (4th edition, Butterworths: Sydney, 1996), p. 3. Bradbrook, M. (1989). The Emergence of Australian Law., (Butterworths: Sydney, 1989) at 70. Kercher, B. (1985). An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia., (Allen Unwin, Sydney, 1995) at 157. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd Questions: The sequence of court hearings The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) brought proceedings against internet provider TPG because of an advertising campaign for internet services TPG had been conducting. Initially, the proceedings were heard by a single judge, who is referred to in the judgment as "the primary judge". ACCC was largely successful against TPG in those proceedings. TPG, having lost the case before the primary judge, appealed to three judges, referred to in the judgment as the Full Court". That court largely disagreed with the conclusions of the primary judge and set aside his decision. In effect, TPG won its appeal to the Full Court. This left ACCC as the loser. It appealed to the High Court, which disagreed with the conclusions of the Full Court in favour of TPG and essentially reinstated the decision made by the primary charge in favour of ACCC.The judgment you are reading, and to which the assignment questions relate, is the judgment of the High Cour t only. However, to enable the "ratio" of its decision to be understood, the High Court includes in its judgment summaries of the reasons which the primary judge and the Full Court gave in coming to their respective (and contradictory) decisions. 1. Briefly describe the nature of TPGs advertising which caused ACCC to bring these proceedings 2. What statutory provisions did ACCC allege that TPGs advertising contravened 3. What were the findings (conclusions) of the primary judge about the following aspects of the advertising bundling. the set up fee. single price.4. What were the differences in principle between the approach of the Full Court and the approach of the primary judge in evaluating whether the TPG advertising was misleading? 5. The High Court concluded that the approach taken by the Full Court was not correct. For what reason or reasons did the High Court come to this conclusion? 6. The Full Court, in coming to its conclusions, applied as a precedent the ratio in a case calledParkdale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu (Puxu). The High Court said that the Full Court wrongly applied the principle in Puxu. Explain why the High Court thought Puxu was not a proper precedent to apply to the TPG advertising 7. What did the H igh Court have to say about the dominant message approach? 8. What did the High Court say about the assumed level of knowledge in TPGs target audience? 9. Is an intention to mislead essential for advertising to be misleading? Explain what the High Court thought about this 10. If you were employed in the marketing section of an internet service provider or a fitness centre which was about to launch an advertising campaign promoting an attractive plan for membership in which there were several parts (costs and benefits) to be taken into account by potential customers, what advice would you give about the format of the advertising, based on your understanding of the High Courts ruling in ACCC v TPG? Answers: 1. TPG Internet Pty was a company engaged in providing internet connections to consumers. The name under which the company decided to give away its internet and phone connections was ADSL2+. Although the price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95 (ACCC, 2015). Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG. 2. TPG had been misleading consumers by providing internet and phone connections at higher amount than normal. The advertisements were misleading and the company went against the provisions of the Trade Practices Act 1974. The price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95. Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG (Dennis, 1996). 3. Bundling: It was found out by judge in the case that advertisement misled consumers and there were nothing declared about the additional costs either on TV or radio. Setup fee: Judge realised that set-up charges should be normal and in case of TPG, nothing was made clear by the company. In fact the company didnt mention anything about the additional set up charges rather it was mentioned that consumer just have to pay one-time for setting up connection. Single price: IN the case, judge found out that there was no one price declared by the company to consumer. The prices kept fluctuating (boosted in every case) which was unfair as per Trade Practices Act 1974. 4. Primary judge and full-court judge had differences in their opinion. Primary judge held company wrong for misleading consumers whereas full-court judge stated that consumers must be careful about every cost when applying for internet and phone connections (Jeffrey, 1994). 5. There were three key reasons as per which high court decided against full court. One, the opinion of the full court about dominant message was wrong. Second, statements used in regard to puxu used in this case were irrelevant. Third, misleading is one of the wrong practices undertaken by TPG. 6. In this case, the opinion of the full court was dependant on the results of the case park dale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu, but the provisions were wrongly misinterpreted. Park dale Custom Built Furniture v Puxu was about a furniture company so court said that consumers must consider brand before buying it. In this case, it cant be applied as advertisement was misleading and consumers cant pay attention to minute details. 7. Although high court stated that company is doing wrong since it cant issue a misleading advertisement but the court also added that consumers must pay diligence to such advertisements. However, high court do realizes that consumers dont pay much attention to advertisement and dont go through details minutely (Ellinghaus, 2000). 8. High court also stated that consumers might have an idea about the availability of in bundle with the telephone. But the advertisement of TPG can misled consumers since they might think that there are no extra costs for connection. The price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95. Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG. 9. The high court said that it is not important that companies post misleading advertisements intentionally (Kercher, 2010). However, the primary aim of the company to post such advertisement is to attract clients and present the services in best way possible. TGP case is similar to this as the company tried to present the services in best way but it misled consumers and they had to pay additional costs. 10. After going through High Courts judgment of the case ACCC v TPG, I would advise the company to withdraw their advertisements and highlight the best features about their services but also mentioning about the additional costs in the services. By this, consumers wont be misled and would benefit from the services a lot (Patrick, 2001). In this case, the price mentioned for services in the advertisement of the company was $29.99 but there were hidden costs. The cost which a consumer had to pay after all the additional costs amounted to be $149.95. Hence, this was the reason for further proceedings which were taken against TPG. References ACCC. (2015). Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd | Opinions on High. 2015. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd | Opinions on High. [ONLINE] Available at: https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2013/12/12/tpg-internet-case-page/.[Accessed 07 February 2015]. Astrazeneca Pty Ltd v GlaxoSmithKline Australia Pty Ltd (2006) ATPR 42-106 at [37]. See Campomar Sociedad Limitada v Nike International Ltd (2000) 202 CLR 45 at [104]-[105]. Dennis, C. (1996), ACCC TPG Case. Journal of Law, pp. 890. Patrick, P. (2001). Tradition and Change in Australian Law., Interpretation Act (Western Australia), s 43. Kercher, R. (2010). An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia., Legal Journal, pp. 526 Ellinghaus, A. (2000). The Emergence of Australian Law., Statute Law Revision Act, pp. 890 Jeffrey, W. (1994). "Statutory Interpretation, Law Reform and Sampford's Theory of the Disorder of Law." , Federal Law Review. Pp 77 High Court looms for ACCC vs TPG. 2015. High Court looms for ACCC vs TPG. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.afr.com/p/business/companies/high_court_looms_for_accc_vs_tpg_rOpLZ0UnqAKA3OLrmyy5PP.[Accessed 04 February 2015].

Indigenous Australians In Australian Prison System - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Australians in Australian Prison System. Answer: Introduction Indigenous Australians are majorly over represented in the prison system of Australia. As per the data of Australian Bureau of Statistics, the rate of women imprisonment has increased in the upwards of 50% during the period of 2005-2015. There is a remarkable difference in the growth rate of women imprisonment as compared to the imprisonment rate of men. In the following segments, a discussion has been carried on the historical context of the women imprisonment. The statistics are also presented to show the overrepresentation of the indigenous women in Australia. Further, an analysis has been done to understand the reasons for the high prison rates. The disadvantages and the feminist theory with regards to the imprisonment of indigenous women have also been highlighted. Lastly, the issues regarding the indigenous and non indigenous women in the prison have been discussed. From the times of slavery during 1619-1865, to Jim Crow in South during 1865- 1965, there has been a presence of division and discrimination on the basis of the color of skin. The indigenous people had to face domination from the pale skinned people, whether in this country or in the U.S.A. (Wacquant, 2001). Since 1991, when the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) was concluded, there has been a huge growth in the population of Indigenous people in the prisons of Australia. A higher rise was seen in the number of Indigenous people in custody. Even though the Indigenous people are uniformly over represented in the prison system of Australia, the rate of imprisonment is visibly higher in the Indigenous women and is still increasing at a speedier pace. Further, not much attention is given to the needs and circumstances of the Aboriginal women (Pour, 2016). The Australian Institute of Criminology presented the statistics regarding offender rates on the basis of gender and jurisdiction for the year 2007-2008. As per these statistics, the number of Indigenous female in New South Wales amounted to 5591 and males amounted to 13964. The same statistics for Non-Indigenous people amounted to 603 for female and 2389 for males. In Southern Australia, the indigenous population for female was 8203 and for men it was 19905 as compared to 504 and 2089 for Non-Indigenous females and males, respectively. In the Northern Territory, these statistic amounted to 4294 and 15995 for indigenous and 385 and 1831 for non indigenous females and males, respectively. This data clearly shows that the percentage of Indigenous women in prison is quite high as compared to non-indigenous women. (Bartels, 2010). A comparison of the prison population statistics from 1991, 2001 and 2013 shows the rise in the rate of imprisonment of women. The number of men in prison in 1991 was 12429, in 2001, it was 20960 (increased by 68.7 %) and in 2013, it was 28426 (increased by 35.6%). The number of women in 1991 was 607, in 2001, it was 1498 (increased by 146.7%) and in 2013, it was 2349 (increased by 56.8%). Specifically focusing on the population of indigenous women and non indigenous women in prison, the statistics reveal the alarming rate of indigenous womens rate of imprisonment as compared to other groups in Australia. The number of indigenous women in prison in 1991 was 104, in 2001, it was 370 (increased by 255.8 %) and in 2013, it was 28426 (increased by 109.5%). The number of non indigenous women in 1991 was 503, in 2001, it was 1128 (increased by 124.3%) and in 2013, it was 1558 (increased by 38.1%). The over representation of the indigenous people has been well documented in the criminal jus tice system. This growth in the rate of imprisonment in Australia has attained the attention of a range of legal scholars and criminologist. Investigations have been started to understand and explain this increase. One of the aspects of such investigations relates to the exploration regarding the specific groups of Australians, i.e. the indigenous people with an emphasis on the indigenous women. The emphasis is the result of the 20% rise in the imprisonment of Indigenous women in a single year (Baldry, and Cunneen, 2014). The speedy increase in the rates of imprisonment revolves around the ideas of culture of control, penal excess and the new punitiveness. The penal culture allows the exploration of the public sensibilities which undermine the penal values of a society. Penality means the study of punishment which is beyond the effects on an offender. This includes the social and cultural significance of punishment. The concept of Penality is broader and more complex as it explains the connections between the legal, political, social and economic policies which influence the whole punishment system. Most of the work of criminologists relates to bringing a change in the penal responses to the indigenous people specially the women. This includes the abuse of substance, racism, psychiatric and intellectual disability, discrimination, among the other things (Baldry, et al, 2011). The indigenous women have to face various disadvantages. The indigenous women are often victimized on the basis of alcohol, drug addictions, sexual and psychological abuse, physical abuse, and family breakdown. The National Drug Strategy Household Survey has stated that the level of smoking is higher in the lower socioeconomic groups and in the areas where such indigenous women live (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). The disadvantages for indigenous groups regarding health, housing, education, income and employment have been stated in Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage 2009 (Schwartz, 2010). The issues mentioned in this are not strictly related to the criminal justice issues, but are relevant to the justice reinvestment approach so as to reduce the number of offenses. There is a feminist theory with regards to the indigenous women in imprisonment. This again relates to the color of the skin. The indigenous women are over-represented in prisons. The socialists perspectives regarding feminism has developed over a period of time and relates to the systemic nature of patriarchy (Warke, 2000). Further a link between colonialism and patriarchy helps in understanding this concept of feminism. The racial understanding was founded in the colonial categorizations of inferiority and difference. Paternalistic along with the brutal colonial attitude towards the Indigenous women in Australia, has resulted in such women being cast at the bottom of the class ladder, with the prospects of obedient servitude towards the pale skinned society. Various evidences have proved that Penality in Australia continues to be shaped by pervasive patriarchal colonialism (Baldry, and Cunneen, 2014). The condition of indigenous and non-indigenous women within prison is troublesome. The major problem is the lack of awareness as a result of scarcity of literature in this regard. Even the final report of RCIADIC failed to address this issue relating to women in detail and there were no recommendations in this regard. The women in prison also lack the safety of the community. There is an immediate need for reformation of the law and justice system in Australia to safeguard the indigenous women from the various disadvantages they face, both in the prison and out of it. Dedicated laws and policies are required to be developed along with the combination of strategic planning to strengthen the legal service provisions. This would ensure the development of indigenous women to drive the necessary changes by resourcing, flexibility and government engagement. Various initiatives have been taken in this regard which includes the Aboriginal Family Violence Prevention and Legal Service Victoria (FVPLS Victoria). FVPLS Victoria provides counseling, legal assistance and prevention to the Indigenous victims of sexual assault and family violence (Burchfield and Braybrook, 2009). Such initiatives can only improve the present apathetic state of the indigenous women in Australia. At times, the indigenous groups are punished differently than the dominant groups. Based on premises that indigenous people have tendencies of drug abuse and family issues along with sexual abuse, an indigenous person is considered as guilty from the beginning. The indigenous women specifically face this problem as discussed above. The indigenous people are often painted as predominantly violent (Anthony, 2013). There is another view with regards to leniency towards the indigenous people. Due to the emphasis on the norms for safeguarding the indigenous people, a view emerged that the culpability of the people was reduced by the courts to rationalize the application of mitigatory principles. The sentencing of the indigenous people was based on the cultural backwardness. And courts held that such indigenous people were mostly under the control of some other person (Anthony, 2013). But such notion was only present in the early days of protectionism. In the present age, such individuals are not under any control. Various reports have established that there is still the presence of a bias on the basis of racism. Due to the past views of such courts, the present day proceedings hurt the indigenous people. And in reality, they are punished differently (Bosworth, 2004). From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the indigenous people in Australia have to face the problem of discrimination and are often punished on the basis of their status. The state of all the women in the prisons is quite alarming, but the indigenous women specifically have to face the penal culture along with the racism bias. More reforms are needed to prevent this discrimination. References Anthony, T. (2013) Indigenous People, Crime and Punishment. Oxon: Routledge, p 26. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2008) National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings, Drug statistics. Canberra: AIHW, Series no. 22. Cat. no. PHE 107., ix. Baldry, E., and Cunneen, C. (2014) Imprisoned Indigenous women and the shadow of colonial patriarchy. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(2), pp 276-298. Baldry, E., et al. (2011). Imprisoning rationalities. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(1), pp 24-40. Bartels, L. (2010) Indigenous womens offending patterns: A literature review. [Online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/107/rpp107.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16] Bosworth, M. (2004). Theorizing Race And Imprisonment: Towards A New Penality. Critical Criminology, 12(2), pp 221242. Burchfield, S., and Braybrook, A. (2009) Improving Law And Justice Outcomes For Indigenous Women And Children. Indigenous Law bulletin, 7(12). Pour, S. (2016) Over-Representation Of Indigenous Women In Australian Prisons: A Consideration Of The Contributing Factors. [Online] Australian Policy Online. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rpp/107/rpp107.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16] Schwartz, M. (2010) Building Communities, Not Prisons: Justice Reinvestment And Indigenous Over-Imprisonment. Australian Indigenous Law Review, 14(1). Wacquant, L. (2001) Deadly symbiosis. Punishment And Society, 3(1), pp 95-134. Warke, J.M. (2000) Prisoners As Women: Questioning The Role And Place Of Imprisonment. [Online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available from: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/womencorrections/millerwa.pdf [Accessed on: 17/09/16]

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The Misery by Anton Chekhov Essay Example

The Misery by Anton Chekhov Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Misery by Anton Chekhov 1. Misery is a short story written by Anton Chekhov. Constance Garnett translated it from Russian to English. Chekhov began writing with the purpose of raising funds for his medical education at Moscow University and upkeep for his family. In 1884, the author graduated from the University and began his medical practice. In 1886, he published his acclaimed work, Misery. The story in question revolves around Iona Potapov, an old sledge driver. It is set a week after Potapov’s son dies in a hospital, during 19th Century Russia. Other characters in the story are a military officer, three young men, a house porter and a sleepy cabman. Potapov’s horse also plays a role in the story’s proceedings. The characters mentioned, have a significant role in bringing forward Chekhov’s ideals. Anton Chekhov proposes that human beings have no concern for each other’s hardships. Various instances in the short story show this. The story begins with Iona seeking for a customer in the snowy town. Eventually, a military officer boards his sledge. Chekhov portrays the officer as an impatient and rude character. During the ride, he is as a cautious person just as well. When Iona attempts to inform him of his grief, the officer does not pay attention. They reach their destination and the old man gets new customers, three young men. The young men are obnoxious and rowdy. They pay Iona an unfair fare for the ride. When the old man attempts to inform them of his son’s death, one of the young men rubbishes Iona’s words. The young men impatiently get off the sledge at their destination. The old man decides to end his day by going to the yard. Unfortunately, he has not made enough money to feed his horse with oats. At the yard, he meets a young sledge driver. He wishes to share his grief with him, but the sleepy young man continues with his sleep. Chekhov’s story ends with Iona detailing the loss of his son to his horse as no one else seems concerned with his affairs. Chekhov is a brilliant writer. Several aspects of his writing are admirable. First, his introduction of Iona is impressive. He uses a highly descriptive style. Chekhov first describes the evening. He then describes how snow fell on that occasion, and its effect on the people and objects in the area. (Chekhov 168). Through this, the writer informs his readers that the story begins at the evening and ends at night. This instance also provides us with the season during which the story takes place. The writer also introduces the old man’s hardship through his stillness, in thought. Chekhov also provides the reader with a good description of the old man’s poor driving. He explains that the old man is restless. The writer compares the sledge’s seat to thorns. Chekhov also describes the old man’s difficulty in focusing on the road ahead. Iona, therefore, drives the sledge in a hazardous manner, nearly causing an accident. This situation provokes the military officer to speak to Iona. In turn, the old man sees this as the opportunity to justify his current state. Iona tells the officer of his son’s death. However, the officer interrupts the speech with his commands. The author uses a descriptive style to highlight the hunchback’s response to Iona’s hardship. He describes the manner which the hunchback licks his lips and coughs. This instance helps in showing the hunchback’s reluctance to share the old man’s grief. Anton Chekhov’s depiction of the characters is admirable. He develops them alongside the story’s argument. The military officer is a dismissive character. First, he assumes that Mr. Potapov is asleep by laying still. The officer asks the old man whether he is asleep or not (Chekhov 169). During the ride, Iona speaks to his passenger. At first, he assumes that the officer is ready to listen to the story of his son’s death. However, the officer closes his eyes and pretends to be deep in thought as the old man commences his story. The military officer portrays the notion that people lack genuine concern for each other’s affairs. Chekhov implies that people also take advantage of each other’s hardships in the story. He uses the three young men to portray this notion. The old man picks them up despite a terrible price for the sledge ride. (Chekhov 170). The writer explains that the old man has lost concern for the fare as his grief has occupied his mind. The three have an unsympathetic character. In response to the old man’s story, the hunchback cuts him off and tells him that they shall all die (Chekhov 172). The author portrays the sleepy cabman as a selfish person. He considers his sleep more important than listening to the old man. The writer explains that when Iona began to speak, the young man was fast asleep. Chekhov’s portrayal of grief in the story is admirable. He introduces the old man as a person stricken with grief to an extent that he is immobile. The author depicts Iona Potapov as a person who has separated himself from the society around him, and to an extent, reality. Chekhov describes the old man as white as a ghost, due to snow covering his body. Chekhov further highlights the old man’s stillness. This serves as a portrayal of his grief. When the military officer arrives, he thinks that the old man is asleep. However, he is simply sitting still in thought. The atmosphere in the story is described as dull and cold. This depiction is brought forward by Chekhov’s description of the weather. At the end of the story, the writer describes the old man’s lack of cash. As a result, he misses a meal, and his horse has to eat hay. This further contributes to the reader’s perception of the old man’s bad day. After finding no one to share his misery with, he switches to contemplation and watching his surroundings. Chekhov (174) writes, â€Å"Can he not find among these thousands someone who will listen to him? However, the crowds flit by heedless of him and his misery†¦His misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If Iona’s heart were to burst and his misery flow out, it would flood the whole world, it seems, but it is not seen. It has found a hiding-place in such an insignificant shell that one would not have found it with a candle by daylight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Through this instance, Anton Chekhov depicts his theme of loneliness. His choice of words further enables the reader familiarity with Iona’s miserable situation. In the end, the old man decides to share his grief with his horse. After all, nobody else is interested in sharing his story. The writer informs us that Mr. Potapov’s horse listens to him as it feeds on hay. Chekhov’s story raises many questions in a readers mind. In the story, the author tackles the old man’s situation casually. A reader wonders whether misery and isolation is a daily phenomenon. From the text, the author depicts sadness as a matter of daily occurrence. Chekhov informs us that the old man’s sadness leaves for a short while, and then comes back heavier than before. The answer provided is unsatisfactory. This is proven when contemporary life is taken into consideration. Not every day happens to be a miserable day. The author has taken a disdainful stance towards the female gender. The writer implies that women are of minimal importance, and all they do is weep during serious situations. This is a derogatory pronouncement. In his efforts to create conversation with the young man, Iona should have thought of a different subject. The writer’s words may upset an audience consisting of the female gender. In the story, Chekhov implies that no person bothered to listen to Iona Potapov’s story of hardship, only an animal did. The author describes the anxiety the old man felt as he looked at the crowd. When it hits him that all the people he sees are strangers, and none is concerned with his bereavement, his pain intensifies. From that, readers wonder whether humans are so cold and ignorant of one another, focusing on themselves instead. Chekhov should have provided at least one instance of an understanding person. It is a reader’s opinion that strangers may not be compassionate to an individual’s suffering. It does not concern them, and they will try to maintain their distance. Furthermore, a reader may deduce that the writer’s sick state of health, at the time of writing, may have disoriented his thoughts on society’s positive aspects. However, Chekhov’s story is highly successful in showing that people have little concern for each other’s problems. 2. Towards the end of the story, Chekhov explains Iona’s desire to speak to someone by comparing his desire for a conversation with the aforementioned man’s thirst. When he discovers that the younger man is asleep, he thinks of what he can use as a conversation starter. However, he ends up talking to his white mare. He tells the horse, â€Å"That’s how it is, old girl. . . . Kuzma Ionitch is gone. . . . He said goodby to me. . . . He went and died for no reason. . .(Chekhov 174)† The writer explains that Iona’s horse eats as it listens to the old man. Chekhov tells us that this simple act carries away the old man. From this, a reader may deduce the ending as a relatively happy one. The writer has solved the conflict of the story. The old man yearns for someone to listen to what he had to say, throughout the story. Amazingly, the horse grants his wish, as he feeds it hay. However, Chekhov should have adopted a different end to the story. An ending with the man talking to the horse is unsatisfactory. A horse is incapable of providing compassion to the old man. Furthermore, the horse is unable to understand the old man’s problems. Furthermore, it is an assumption that the old man knew the horse was listening to him. After all, the writer describes that the old man was carried away as he spoke to the horse (Chekhov 175). As stated earlier, Chekhov wishes to show that people have lost compassion for each other, during times of suffering. Towards the end of his story, Chekhov contradicts his earlier proposition. The writer states that the old man had not earned enough to pay for his horse’s oats. He relates this situation to the misery he has experienced throughout that day. The old man further states that people who have enough to eat ate always happy with their situation (Chekhov 174). From that instance, the old man implies that his misery is attributable to lacking enough money, and in consequence, food. That statement discounts the old man’s earlier need to share his grief, on his son’s death, with strangers. An appropriate ending should reflect the writer’s earlier argument on the old man’s grief. The best ending would be right before the author says, â€Å"His misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If Iona’s heart were to burst and his misery to flow out, it would flood the whole world, it seems, but it is not seen. It has found a hiding-place in such an insignificant shell that one would not have found it with a candle by daylight. . . .(Chekhov 170).† In that scenario, the story ends with an aura of misery. Iona wished for a person to listen to him, which nobody did. This ending enables the story to maintain relevance to the stated theme. Scenarios such as the talk with his horse, and the young man, are cut down on. Such an ending also emphasizes the cruelty of people, as portrayed by the crowd. The story has a dull mood, as described by the weather and speech. The proposed ending will enhance the story’s mood. Furthermore, at the chosen point in the story, a reader experiences its climax. An ending at the suggested point will serve to enhance literary t ools such as suspense to the reader. In the story, Anton Chekhov presents an interesting argument. He implies that humans have lost concern for their counterparts in the society. Various instances justify this thought, in the story. This article supports the aforementioned notion. However, it also mentions differing ideals, to provide an argument to Chekhov’s views. The writer’s positive aspects receive acknowledgement in the essay. Just as well, the article raises various propositions, for the purposes of improving the story. In this light, the essay provides an appropriate alternative to the previous ending. Works Cited Top of Form Chekhov, Anton P, Okla Elliott, Kyle Minor, and Constance Garnett. The Other Chekhov. Fort Collins, Colo.: New American Press, 2008. Print. Top of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form

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