Analysis of Open Source Content Management Systems

Analysis of Open origin national circumspection SystemsChapter 1IntroductionBackgroundAlthough most of us take discipline for granted, good cultivation is easy to come by. Lets disregardvas the protestence amid entropy and discipline, the characteristics of good information and the bring of transforming entropy into pulmonary tuberculosisful information. To make sound decisions managers ingest reliable, accurate information that mountain be transformed into information. Organisations utilization many methods to collect data , including stick to ,interviews, documents reading and even brain-wave monitoring. Sophisticated voice activated engineering science is uncommitted that results people to warehousing data merely by speaking into a reck mavenr. To solar day it is widely recognized that information systems knowledge is essential for managers beca call most fundamental laws need information systems to survive and prosper. tuition systems can serve well co mpanies to fall r apiece to faraway location, offer untried return and services, reshape jobs and break down flows, and perhaps profoundly change the way they conduct business.The past ex has seen a rigorous change in the way we understand and use Information Technology inwardly a business background. Advancements in the product line of re look for and learning has led to technologies such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as hand outd computation, glut trouble, data mining and processing, all of which fulfil a trope of business needs. The head for the hills from localised computing platforms to distributed tissue technologies has been ca apply by, among say factors, the take-up of commodity data processor and net carry components found on faster hardw be and sophisticated softw ar. close The ProjectThe objective of this subject celestial orbit is to analyse and equality a precise category of open address kernel way systems, within the con textbook of clarified to strong suit businesses this specific category is almost wind vane portals. The catch aims to create a comprehensive comparison which deals with the specific getments of small to speciality businesses only. Thus, providing a clear mind of the on-line(prenominal) trends within the commercial firmament and the open blood community.This write up involves a comparison amid be open root, blade portal centreedness counselling systems. The comparison is base on a set of business acquirements which represent the needs of small to medium businesses, which aims to find an open source solution as an election to commercial solutions.Due to the nature of this subject, this makeup assumes that the reader has some understanding about Information Technology.Chapter 2Content ManagementContent From A Business PerspectiveComputers where initially created to perform time-consuming or interlocking mathematical computations and in many ways replace human labour. Boiko (cc1) describes the computer model as follows If you can reduce a problem to a series of simple mechanical operations on numbers and luculent entities (entities that are either true of false), it is amenable to solution by a computer.At their lowest level, computers process data. The data processed by computers at a low level is non immediately readable or understandable, because it is made to be understood by the computer only. This data is used to perform a set of operations as draw above.The fact that computers are data-processing machines makes it hard to process content, which by definition is not just data. Technology has explicated everyplace the years and computers are now needful to perform computations on content go retaining their human meaning.Electronic commerce ,Electronic Business, And Digital RelationshipThe changes we take away just described represent pertly ways of conducting business electronically both inside and outside the do bunk that can ultimate ly result in the creation of digital firms. Increasingly, the lucre is providing the underlying engineering science for these changes. The profit can link thousands of organisations into a bingle network creating the foundation for a vast digital marketplace. A digital market is an information system that links together many buyers and sellers to give-and-take information, products, services and payments. Through computers and net whole works, these systems function like electronic intermediaries, with lowered damage for typical marketplace transactions such as matching buyers and sellers establishing prices ordinance goods and paying bills. Buyers sellers can complete purchase and sales event transactions digitally regardless of their location.New Opportunities With TechnologyAlthough information systems are creating many elicit opportunities for both businesses and individuals, they are similarly a source of parvenue problems, issues and challenges for managers. In this course we will learn about both the challenges and opportunities information systems scram and we will be able to use information technology to ameliorate our learning experience. New technologies open up far to a greater extent than possibilities for reproducing previously published work online than we can afford to pursue, so we have to pull and choose the most useful ones for you, our audience. The Journal would like to gather and receipts from all of the ideas, suggestions, and hard work that readers are willing to try. Constructive technology assessment (CTA) differs from other technology assessment methods by emphasizing execution and information of new technologies everywhere a simple assessment of those technologies say-so impact. CTA, which was developed in Denmark and the Netherlands, seeks to moderate the impact of potentially damaging technologies fleck taking full advantage of beneficial technologies. Nowadays, the victimisation of integrated perimeter (IC ) industry and scientific researchers rely more and more on the nanofabrication technologies. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been complicate on the ITRS lithography roadmap for 32nm, 22nm and 16nm nodes. merely, there are numerous other drills for NIL. This patterning technique shows vast potential in fabrication of nano coordinates at all.Metadata Encapsulation Of ContentProcessing such content will produce the unavoidable results for the human user.Those results will check into an abstract meaning that can only be interpreted by a human user.Defining data with information and making it into content is a process similar to the operations performed in e very(prenominal) day situations. For example, searching for a book in a library or finding a movie in a video store. two operations have the similarity of providing information about other information. A library, offers a computerised search engine that searches through categories of author and title, while the video stor e may search for actor and year of thaw. Therefore, a room full of books may be seen as a pile of data, while the same room with a categorised search engine may be seen as real content. The books conk out more than just data, because they have been given a definition.The method of content description is called metadata. Metadata is data about data, which positions the human aspect of content. Metadata counterbalance appeared on the web when the immense amount of data over the internet became impossible to process or to even understand. Some of the leading technologies and standards on metadata are seen.Metadata technologies are themselves based on published internet standards.This method of creating a new standard based on another existing standard is very useful within businesses in order to make the exchange of content as smooth as possible. The leading standard technologies are protractile Markup Language (XML), which defines the Resource Description Framework (RDF) syntax as recommended by the W3C. Building on top of metadata and XML, are a number of good technologies and project.Concurrent Changes ManagementProject completion skew occurs once the squad has grown into a substantial number of developers, at which point they are all on the job(p) on several(predicate) gos of the project, possibly in small groups. These small groups usually work on diverse activities uncaring from each other or sometimes in conjunction. As a result, each group will be developing, integrating and testing their work separately, before committing their work into the complete project. These groups will to a fault be working under different schedules. This implies that a group may be outset its work while another is getting ready to commit theirs . building Of The ComparisonEach business has its own set of requirements for a CMS solution, which attend on various parameters such as the size of the business, field of operation, fictitious character of managed data and target customers. It is luxuriouslyly unlikely that a single product will have all the required functionality. As a result, this report tries to identify potential products which are scalable and expandable.Applications info repositoryDeployment desegregation fiat controlUser port wineUser management workflowApplications are about general functionality which compliment the entire CMS solution. Avail faculty of the development API allows developers to expand the existing functionality and add custom processes per business requirements. Marketing and advertizing features allow the website to display waft denote or offer opt-in licence marketing forms. Localisation and multi-language support for all documents and processes. Time-based event functions, like scheduling. Site-wide searching engine which allows transparent searches over different content. Finally, e-commerce functionality which allows the system to perform online transactions.Data repository is about flexibility in content storage. Information is an asset to every business, proper management of the data storage can be an advantage. A CMS solution may use sixfold storage methods, including a Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) and Network File System (NFS) or other file system based storage. Apart from the storage medium, it is in like manner important to use a standards compliant storage format such as XML. In particular, XML provides transformation services and content validation a great with the split between content, format and business logic.Deployment can be one of the most important features from a business per-spective. Medium to large musical scale systems use multiple servers for fault tolerance and improved availability. A CMS products ability to scale through multiple servers gives the extra advantage for reliability. Replication is also an issue, the flow of updates that go from testing into production should be able to double reliably and with roll back support, as discussed in sectionFinally, multiple output formats can increase the target audience, for example by providing nimble phone access via SMS or WAP. desegregation deals with the every day management of the system. Metadata management via content classification systems which enable arbitrary data to become useful information assets for the business. Information can be used along with 3rd party web applications, such as log analysers and junk e-mail filters. Data conversion, allows users to publish or submit data in different format from the one used to publish their data, for example PDF to HTML conversion. desegregation is also about meekness with the internet standards published by the W3C such as HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0/1.1. Based on those standards are the requirements for compliance with the impairment Discrimination interpret 1995 chapter 50 (HMSO 1995) which came into effect in the United Kingdom. This Act enforces new rules for websites to create content which is accessib le by disabled people. Standards compliance means that a CMS product must(prenominal)inessiness be able to pose decree that is compliant with the Web Accessibility Initiative guidelines.Revision control, as seen in section 2.3.1, is about management of changes, while keep opening master of known milestones and working versions of the entire web site development and content. Revision control allows users to keep track of changes, while protecting them against crossingping changes by other users.Roll back functionality gives the user a chance to harvesting to a known working copy of data, which also makes it easy to match changes over time.User interface is not just about the client visual interface. The user interface is a collection of interface features which help the user or administrator to effectively manage the system. Interface tools set up the control of processes, some of these tools are HTML forms, WYSIWYG content editor in chief and document linking. The user interface should provide the choice between high and low level editing, either edit the code directly, or provide a suitable interface which generate the required code.User management is about access and control of the system. The system should allow for 3rd party authentication, such as SQL database, LDAP, NIS/YP, PAM. In addition, the interface should provide adequate user management control, for example system-wide user modification.Workflow is a collaboration process for the development and attention of business assets which involve steps such as varied information types, cross departmental staff and functions based on a submit/ brush up/approve steps.As seen in section 2.3.4, workflow is important to intelligibly define processes which perform specific functions, with various dependencies between them.These functions automate routing of information, review and finally approve changes.Chapter 3Open stemma Software impeccant SoftwareThis report deals with certain types of fre e computer computer computer packet open source content management systems. Therefore, it is very important to define the term free packet, because the concept itself is ambiguous. A wide range of software product is distributed as free because it does not cost anything to download or use.However the source code is not made available or the software is distributed with a restrictive license. Binary or source code scatterings could be copyrighted and covered by a license agreement, which could hold a range of few to extreme restrictions, like a disclaimer of reliability. disembarrass software is a matter of liberty, not price.The Open Source exemplificationThe freedom to run the program, for any purpose.The freedom to study how the program works, and vary it to yourneeds. Access to the source code is a stipulation for this.The freedom to distribute copies so you can help your neighbour.The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvementsto the public, so that t he whole community benefits. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.Requirements of free softwareRestrictions on these free software come with licenses which destroy its use or require a fee for commercial user, negative or limit redistribution, including redistributing modified versions. Some licenses also require redistribution of derived works to use the same license as the original product or even release the modified source code. A few licenses also discriminate against individuals or groups.The term free software is widely used in the Information Technology industry.However, its ambiguity hampers communication due to arguments over whether a particular piece of software is free or not (OSI 2004). inclinations the rules which define the term free software as published by the FSF (2004).Banner denoteBanner denote is on a pay-per-view basis, fit to the following ratesHome PageOther PagesNumber of Views hail ($US)Cost ($US)4,000$100$5010,000$200$10025,000$400$ 20075,000$1000$500175,000$2000$1000400,000$4000$2000Either a large (46860 pixels) banner ad strategically placed at the top of every rascal on the site (or a selection of pages, at your choice), or a 120600 pixel skyscraper banner ad in the left hand column of every page on the site (or a selection of pages, at your choice). We can also arrange text only publicizings.A hotlink to your web site (or email address) when prospective buyers click on the ad in full on-line statistical information, by day and overall, on the number of ad exposures, and the click-through ratio for your adWe can customize a banner advertizement program that targets those visitors that you wish to be exposed to by only displaying your advertisement on those selected pages on the site that best suits your product or service. We also have the capability to target ads by geo picturalal location or by keywords.We can accept banner ads in most graphic formats, including rich media formats such as Flash.On all pages, (except where an exclusive advertising arrangement is in place, subject to negotiation) banner ads are placed on rotation with other banner advertisements. 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In general, we use the bullion Calculator /for making currency conversion calculations.Where we have concerns about your credit worthiness, we reserve the right to receive payment before commencing your advertising program.Free RedistributionThe license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an inwardness software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale (OSI 2004).By ensuring free redistribution, open source software is not hampered by short-term gains which would affect re al long-term sales from customised versions of the software or contracted support and maintenance. Thus, a supplier may generate copies of the software and sell them or give them away without paying anyone for that privilege. As a result, many open source software can be bought on CD or DVD by paying for the cost of the medium only, since the supplier is not adding any extra costs.The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product isTHE OPEN SOURCE MODELnot distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicised means of obtaining the source code for no more than a fenceable reproduction costpreferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would falsify the program.Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed (OSI 2004).To evolv e and expand open source software, the source code must be available and in a modifiable state. The original or modified source code is then provided along with the software and any derived works, in order to ensure future repair or modifications.The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software (OSI 2004).Future software updates and maintenance of the distributed source code, as seen in section 3.2.2, has no real use if the modified software cannot be distributed. Therefore, the ability to simply modify the source code is not enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionary selection.Instead, it should be possible to redistribute the modified software along with the modified source code.Redistributed software can use the same license terms as the original software. Although this is not a requirement to do so but an option at the hands of the distributor. This re quirement means a license may not allow re-licensing or modification of its terms, or may allow re-licensing and sub-licensing of derived works.Chapter 4Content Management SystemsCMS CategoriesContent Management Systems (CMS) are not just a product or a technology.CMS is a generic term which defines a wide range of processes which underpin the next-generation of medium to large-scale websites (Browning Lowndes 2001). A content management process creates, stores, modifies, retrieves and displays data, or content, as seen in chapter 2.The applications of CMS cannot be clearly defined. Even though a CMS is range of processes and managed software, the boundaries of the CMS space are blurred. The area covered by CMS overlaps with a wide range of traditional software systems, as seen in figure 4.1. As a result of this overlap of functionality, an intranet groupware system or virtual learning system can soft be implemented via the same CMS (Browning Lowndes 2001).CMS have no single inte rface or implementation, they are effectively designed on the requirements of each business. The implementations of CMS differ from web based to integrated server-side applications.Requirements PrerequisitesDocument management systemsKnowledge management systems opening application integration systemsE-commerce solutionsWeb portalsCMS categoriesimplementations vary from PHP, Perl and Python. Integrated application server implementations use popular languages like Java 2 Enterprise Edition and C++. Figure 4.2 shows a visual interpretation of the structure of a typical CMS.This report does not deal with the application or use of CMS, for example document management or virtual learning. Instead, this report takes a comparative approach to web portals only, based on their functionality from a business perspective. Web portals are websites which act as a main point of entry for users. They offer a range of services, for example news section, search engine and web catalogue. Web portals are CMS solutions which offer content over the web, thus they may seem limited in functionality over traditional applications. To the contrary, due to the pervasive nature of the internet, the web has become the preferred method for content delivery (Browning Lowndes 2001).Requirements PrerequisitesAlthough requirements on software packages vary between businesses, they still have certain common requirements. The objective of this report is to compare the widest possible selection of open source content management systems, which can be used by businesses. The most suitable CMS solutionsRequirements PrerequisitesApplicationsDeploymentWorkflowVersioningIntegrationContentUserManagementData escritoireIntegration corroboration ServicesSyndication ManagementLinkInterfaceUserData RepositoryRelationalare selected based on a set of clearly defined requirements, all others have been rejected. Figure 4.3 lists these requirements.All the systems compared within this report are required to b e licensed by an OSI-approved open source license, as defined in chapter 3. Open source software is widely recognised for its standards compliance, which is vital for businesses. For example, creating a website which uses proprietary data structures will delay future expansion to new systems or technologies due to incompatibilities. Open source software are more likely to follow standards like the W3C extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) or XML specifications while ensuring they can interact with each other. mercantile software tend to be incompatible with each other in order to keep the customer hooked to a specific technology or supplier.Compatibility with the Apache HTTP server is vital. The Apache HTTP server is the most widely used web server on the internet. Netcraft (2004) reports that more than 67% of the websites on the internet are using Apache, with 4 million new hostnames growth in the first half of 2004.Chapter 5Planning to implement MIS in the organisationInf ormation SystemAn information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organisation. In addition to support decision making, coordination, and control, information system may also help managers and workers analyze problems and visualize complex subjects and create new products. Information systems contain information about significant people, place and things within the organisation or in the surroundings surrounding its. By information we mean data that have been shaped into a form that is important and useful to human beings. Data is contrast are streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organisation or physical environment before they have been unionised and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.Theres more growth and innovation in computing and ICT than in any other area of business. The individuals and organisations best equipped to respond to the challenge of rapidly changing technologies are those with the vision to ensure that their skills and knowledge are kept current and set in a broad educational context. Computing and ICT professionals with a strong skill set are much in take in today, and enrolling on a postgraduate computing course with the OU will keep you at the forefront of this influential discipline. Our Postgraduate Computing and ICT courses provide you with the range of innovative, practice-based courses and qualifications that you need to develop your career. We offer several certificates, diplomas and masters degrees in computing and ICT, and you can choose to study topics such as software development and management, project management, computer forensics, information security, communication technologies and networks. You dont need to have a first degree to register for a course, but you do need either previous study to the equivalent of HND level in the UK, or practical experience, which will enable study at postgraduate level.Management Data ResourcesImplementing a database requires widespread organisation change in the fiber of information, the allocation of power at senior levels, the ownership and sharing of information, patterns of organisational agreement. A database management system challenges the existing power arrangements in an organisation and for that reason often generates political resistance. In a traditional file environment each department constructed files and programs to fulfill its specific needs. Now with a database files and programs must be built that take into account the full organisations interest in data. Moving database environment can be a costly long term process,.Electronic Business, Electronic CommerceThroughout this edition we accent the benefits of integrating information across the enterprise, creating an information technology infrastructure in which information can be flow seamlessly from one part of the organisation to another and from t he organisation to its customers, suppliers, and business partners. The emerging digital firm require this level of information integration and companies increasingly depend on such an infrastructure today to remain efficient and competitive. Internet technology has emerged as the key enabling technology for this digital integration.Chapter 6ConclusionThe internet has been introduced major changes in the way companies conduct business.It has created a dramatic befuddle in the cost of developing, sending and storing information while making that information more widely available. Millions of people can exchange massive amounts of information directly, instantly, for free. These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works . But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees stretch out to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. germLinux (2004), The linux kernel archives. Last access 20-4-2004.URL http//www.kernel.orgMaglio, P. Farrell, S. (2000), Liveinfo Adapting web experience by customizationand annotation, in Proceedings of the 1st International Conferenceon adjustive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-based Systems.Michelinakis, D. (2003), SotonOne project, Masters thesis, University of Southampton, Department of Electronics and Computer Science.MozillaFoundation (2004), The mozilla browser. Last