Analysis of Open Source Content Management Systems

Analysis of Open origin national circumspection SystemsChapter 1IntroductionBackgroundAlthough most of us take discipline for granted, good cultivation is easy to come by. Lets disregardvas the protestence amid entropy and discipline, the characteristics of good information and the bring of transforming entropy into pulmonary tuberculosisful information. To make sound decisions managers ingest reliable, accurate information that mountain be transformed into information. Organisations utilization many methods to collect data , including stick to ,interviews, documents reading and even brain-wave monitoring. Sophisticated voice activated engineering science is uncommitted that results people to warehousing data merely by speaking into a reck mavenr. To solar day it is widely recognized that information systems knowledge is essential for managers beca call most fundamental laws need information systems to survive and prosper. tuition systems can serve well co mpanies to fall r apiece to faraway location, offer untried return and services, reshape jobs and break down flows, and perhaps profoundly change the way they conduct business.The past ex has seen a rigorous change in the way we understand and use Information Technology inwardly a business background. Advancements in the product line of re look for and learning has led to technologies such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as hand outd computation, glut trouble, data mining and processing, all of which fulfil a trope of business needs. The head for the hills from localised computing platforms to distributed tissue technologies has been ca apply by, among say factors, the take-up of commodity data processor and net carry components found on faster hardw be and sophisticated softw ar. close The ProjectThe objective of this subject celestial orbit is to analyse and equality a precise category of open address kernel way systems, within the con textbook of clarified to strong suit businesses this specific category is almost wind vane portals. The catch aims to create a comprehensive comparison which deals with the specific getments of small to speciality businesses only. Thus, providing a clear mind of the on-line(prenominal) trends within the commercial firmament and the open blood community.This write up involves a comparison amid be open root, blade portal centreedness counselling systems. The comparison is base on a set of business acquirements which represent the needs of small to medium businesses, which aims to find an open source solution as an election to commercial solutions.Due to the nature of this subject, this makeup assumes that the reader has some understanding about Information Technology.Chapter 2Content ManagementContent From A Business PerspectiveComputers where initially created to perform time-consuming or interlocking mathematical computations and in many ways replace human labour. Boiko (cc1) describes the computer model as follows If you can reduce a problem to a series of simple mechanical operations on numbers and luculent entities (entities that are either true of false), it is amenable to solution by a computer.At their lowest level, computers process data. The data processed by computers at a low level is non immediately readable or understandable, because it is made to be understood by the computer only. This data is used to perform a set of operations as draw above.The fact that computers are data-processing machines makes it hard to process content, which by definition is not just data. Technology has explicated everyplace the years and computers are now needful to perform computations on content go retaining their human meaning.Electronic commerce ,Electronic Business, And Digital RelationshipThe changes we take away just described represent pertly ways of conducting business electronically both inside and outside the do bunk that can ultimate ly result in the creation of digital firms. Increasingly, the lucre is providing the underlying engineering science for these changes. The profit can link thousands of organisations into a bingle network creating the foundation for a vast digital marketplace. A digital market is an information system that links together many buyers and sellers to give-and-take information, products, services and payments. Through computers and net whole works, these systems function like electronic intermediaries, with lowered damage for typical marketplace transactions such as matching buyers and sellers establishing prices ordinance goods and paying bills. Buyers sellers can complete purchase and sales event transactions digitally regardless of their location.New Opportunities With TechnologyAlthough information systems are creating many elicit opportunities for both businesses and individuals, they are similarly a source of parvenue problems, issues and challenges for managers. In this course we will learn about both the challenges and opportunities information systems scram and we will be able to use information technology to ameliorate our learning experience. New technologies open up far to a greater extent than possibilities for reproducing previously published work online than we can afford to pursue, so we have to pull and choose the most useful ones for you, our audience. The Journal would like to gather and receipts from all of the ideas, suggestions, and hard work that readers are willing to try. Constructive technology assessment (CTA) differs from other technology assessment methods by emphasizing execution and information of new technologies everywhere a simple assessment of those technologies say-so impact. CTA, which was developed in Denmark and the Netherlands, seeks to moderate the impact of potentially damaging technologies fleck taking full advantage of beneficial technologies. Nowadays, the victimisation of integrated perimeter (IC ) industry and scientific researchers rely more and more on the nanofabrication technologies. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been complicate on the ITRS lithography roadmap for 32nm, 22nm and 16nm nodes. merely, there are numerous other drills for NIL. This patterning technique shows vast potential in fabrication of nano coordinates at all.Metadata Encapsulation Of ContentProcessing such content will produce the unavoidable results for the human user.Those results will check into an abstract meaning that can only be interpreted by a human user.Defining data with information and making it into content is a process similar to the operations performed in e very(prenominal) day situations. For example, searching for a book in a library or finding a movie in a video store. two operations have the similarity of providing information about other information. A library, offers a computerised search engine that searches through categories of author and title, while the video stor e may search for actor and year of thaw. Therefore, a room full of books may be seen as a pile of data, while the same room with a categorised search engine may be seen as real content. The books conk out more than just data, because they have been given a definition.The method of content description is called metadata. Metadata is data about data, which positions the human aspect of content. Metadata counterbalance appeared on the web when the immense amount of data over the internet became impossible to process or to even understand. Some of the leading technologies and standards on metadata are seen.Metadata technologies are themselves based on published internet standards.This method of creating a new standard based on another existing standard is very useful within businesses in order to make the exchange of content as smooth as possible. The leading standard technologies are protractile Markup Language (XML), which defines the Resource Description Framework (RDF) syntax as recommended by the W3C. Building on top of metadata and XML, are a number of good technologies and project.Concurrent Changes ManagementProject completion skew occurs once the squad has grown into a substantial number of developers, at which point they are all on the job(p) on several(predicate) gos of the project, possibly in small groups. These small groups usually work on diverse activities uncaring from each other or sometimes in conjunction. As a result, each group will be developing, integrating and testing their work separately, before committing their work into the complete project. These groups will to a fault be working under different schedules. This implies that a group may be outset its work while another is getting ready to commit theirs . building Of The ComparisonEach business has its own set of requirements for a CMS solution, which attend on various parameters such as the size of the business, field of operation, fictitious character of managed data and target customers. It is luxuriouslyly unlikely that a single product will have all the required functionality. As a result, this report tries to identify potential products which are scalable and expandable.Applications info repositoryDeployment desegregation fiat controlUser port wineUser management workflowApplications are about general functionality which compliment the entire CMS solution. Avail faculty of the development API allows developers to expand the existing functionality and add custom processes per business requirements. Marketing and advertizing features allow the website to display waft denote or offer opt-in licence marketing forms. Localisation and multi-language support for all documents and processes. Time-based event functions, like scheduling. Site-wide searching engine which allows transparent searches over different content. Finally, e-commerce functionality which allows the system to perform online transactions.Data repository is about flexibility in content storage. Information is an asset to every business, proper management of the data storage can be an advantage. A CMS solution may use sixfold storage methods, including a Relational DataBase Management System (RDBMS) and Network File System (NFS) or other file system based storage. Apart from the storage medium, it is in like manner important to use a standards compliant storage format such as XML. In particular, XML provides transformation services and content validation a great with the split between content, format and business logic.Deployment can be one of the most important features from a business per-spective. Medium to large musical scale systems use multiple servers for fault tolerance and improved availability. A CMS products ability to scale through multiple servers gives the extra advantage for reliability. Replication is also an issue, the flow of updates that go from testing into production should be able to double reliably and with roll back support, as discussed in sectionFinally, multiple output formats can increase the target audience, for example by providing nimble phone access via SMS or WAP. desegregation deals with the every day management of the system. Metadata management via content classification systems which enable arbitrary data to become useful information assets for the business. Information can be used along with 3rd party web applications, such as log analysers and junk e-mail filters. Data conversion, allows users to publish or submit data in different format from the one used to publish their data, for example PDF to HTML conversion. desegregation is also about meekness with the internet standards published by the W3C such as HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0/1.1. Based on those standards are the requirements for compliance with the impairment Discrimination interpret 1995 chapter 50 (HMSO 1995) which came into effect in the United Kingdom. This Act enforces new rules for websites to create content which is accessib le by disabled people. Standards compliance means that a CMS product must(prenominal)inessiness be able to pose decree that is compliant with the Web Accessibility Initiative guidelines.Revision control, as seen in section 2.3.1, is about management of changes, while keep opening master of known milestones and working versions of the entire web site development and content. Revision control allows users to keep track of changes, while protecting them against crossingping changes by other users.Roll back functionality gives the user a chance to harvesting to a known working copy of data, which also makes it easy to match changes over time.User interface is not just about the client visual interface. The user interface is a collection of interface features which help the user or administrator to effectively manage the system. Interface tools set up the control of processes, some of these tools are HTML forms, WYSIWYG content editor in chief and document linking. The user interface should provide the choice between high and low level editing, either edit the code directly, or provide a suitable interface which generate the required code.User management is about access and control of the system. The system should allow for 3rd party authentication, such as SQL database, LDAP, NIS/YP, PAM. In addition, the interface should provide adequate user management control, for example system-wide user modification.Workflow is a collaboration process for the development and attention of business assets which involve steps such as varied information types, cross departmental staff and functions based on a submit/ brush up/approve steps.As seen in section 2.3.4, workflow is important to intelligibly define processes which perform specific functions, with various dependencies between them.These functions automate routing of information, review and finally approve changes.Chapter 3Open stemma Software impeccant SoftwareThis report deals with certain types of fre e computer computer computer packet open source content management systems. Therefore, it is very important to define the term free packet, because the concept itself is ambiguous. A wide range of software product is distributed as free because it does not cost anything to download or use.However the source code is not made available or the software is distributed with a restrictive license. Binary or source code scatterings could be copyrighted and covered by a license agreement, which could hold a range of few to extreme restrictions, like a disclaimer of reliability. disembarrass software is a matter of liberty, not price.The Open Source exemplificationThe freedom to run the program, for any purpose.The freedom to study how the program works, and vary it to yourneeds. Access to the source code is a stipulation for this.The freedom to distribute copies so you can help your neighbour.The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvementsto the public, so that t he whole community benefits. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.Requirements of free softwareRestrictions on these free software come with licenses which destroy its use or require a fee for commercial user, negative or limit redistribution, including redistributing modified versions. Some licenses also require redistribution of derived works to use the same license as the original product or even release the modified source code. A few licenses also discriminate against individuals or groups.The term free software is widely used in the Information Technology industry.However, its ambiguity hampers communication due to arguments over whether a particular piece of software is free or not (OSI 2004). inclinations the rules which define the term free software as published by the FSF (2004).Banner denoteBanner denote is on a pay-per-view basis, fit to the following ratesHome PageOther PagesNumber of Views hail ($US)Cost ($US)4,000$100$5010,000$200$10025,000$400$ 20075,000$1000$500175,000$2000$1000400,000$4000$2000Either a large (46860 pixels) banner ad strategically placed at the top of every rascal on the site (or a selection of pages, at your choice), or a 120600 pixel skyscraper banner ad in the left hand column of every page on the site (or a selection of pages, at your choice). We can also arrange text only publicizings.A hotlink to your web site (or email address) when prospective buyers click on the ad in full on-line statistical information, by day and overall, on the number of ad exposures, and the click-through ratio for your adWe can customize a banner advertizement program that targets those visitors that you wish to be exposed to by only displaying your advertisement on those selected pages on the site that best suits your product or service. We also have the capability to target ads by geo picturalal location or by keywords.We can accept banner ads in most graphic formats, including rich media formats such as Flash.On all pages, (except where an exclusive advertising arrangement is in place, subject to negotiation) banner ads are placed on rotation with other banner advertisements. Current site statistics indicate that each visitor to the site visits approximately 5 pages per visit, so advertising is particular(a) to a maximum of 5 advertisers on each page each with equal probability of exposure on the page.Newsletter Sponsorship/ advertizeAdvertising and Sponsorship opportunities our free monthly intelligence informationletter on topics of interest to Maintenance professionals approximately the globe. This newsletter is issued via plain text e-mail to an opt-in subscriber base number in the thousands, with a web version also published. Two advertising slots are currently permitted within each newsletter, and the advertisement consists ofFour lines of text in the e-mail version of the newsletter, andFour lines of text plus a banner advertisement in the web-based version of the newsletterThe ba nner advertisement comes with full on-line, real-time statistical reporting, as for site banner advertisements (detailed above)Advertising rates depend on the number of subscribers to the newsletter. For more information on current rates, subscribers and the availability of space in future newsletters.Direct mail service To Our Opt-In Mailing ListIn addition to our opt-in subscriber base for the M-News newsletter, we have a further opt-in list of contacts who have expressed interest in receiving occasional e-mails containing information about primary(prenominal)tenance-related products and services. We can issue an email to members of this list on your behalf promoting your products or services. Once again, advertising rates depend on the number of subscribers to the opt-in mailing list. For more information on current rates and the number of subscribers.General Terms And ConditionsWe will typically invoice you for your advertising program either shortly before completion of your advertising run, or quarterly.Payment price are strictly 30 days on issue of invoiceWe can accept your payment either by check or by major quotation card. We are based in Australia, and so payment in Australian dollars is preferent (and is required when paying by credit card).We will advise you of the exact Australian dollar equivalent before receiving payment from you. In general, we use the bullion Calculator /for making currency conversion calculations.Where we have concerns about your credit worthiness, we reserve the right to receive payment before commencing your advertising program.Free RedistributionThe license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an inwardness software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale (OSI 2004).By ensuring free redistribution, open source software is not hampered by short-term gains which would affect re al long-term sales from customised versions of the software or contracted support and maintenance. Thus, a supplier may generate copies of the software and sell them or give them away without paying anyone for that privilege. As a result, many open source software can be bought on CD or DVD by paying for the cost of the medium only, since the supplier is not adding any extra costs.The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product isTHE OPEN SOURCE MODELnot distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicised means of obtaining the source code for no more than a fenceable reproduction costpreferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would falsify the program.Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed (OSI 2004).To evolv e and expand open source software, the source code must be available and in a modifiable state. The original or modified source code is then provided along with the software and any derived works, in order to ensure future repair or modifications.The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software (OSI 2004).Future software updates and maintenance of the distributed source code, as seen in section 3.2.2, has no real use if the modified software cannot be distributed. Therefore, the ability to simply modify the source code is not enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionary selection.Instead, it should be possible to redistribute the modified software along with the modified source code.Redistributed software can use the same license terms as the original software. Although this is not a requirement to do so but an option at the hands of the distributor. This re quirement means a license may not allow re-licensing or modification of its terms, or may allow re-licensing and sub-licensing of derived works.Chapter 4Content Management SystemsCMS CategoriesContent Management Systems (CMS) are not just a product or a technology.CMS is a generic term which defines a wide range of processes which underpin the next-generation of medium to large-scale websites (Browning Lowndes 2001). A content management process creates, stores, modifies, retrieves and displays data, or content, as seen in chapter 2.The applications of CMS cannot be clearly defined. Even though a CMS is range of processes and managed software, the boundaries of the CMS space are blurred. The area covered by CMS overlaps with a wide range of traditional software systems, as seen in figure 4.1. As a result of this overlap of functionality, an intranet groupware system or virtual learning system can soft be implemented via the same CMS (Browning Lowndes 2001).CMS have no single inte rface or implementation, they are effectively designed on the requirements of each business. The implementations of CMS differ from web based to integrated server-side applications.Requirements PrerequisitesDocument management systemsKnowledge management systems opening application integration systemsE-commerce solutionsWeb portalsCMS categoriesimplementations vary from PHP, Perl and Python. Integrated application server implementations use popular languages like Java 2 Enterprise Edition and C++. Figure 4.2 shows a visual interpretation of the structure of a typical CMS.This report does not deal with the application or use of CMS, for example document management or virtual learning. Instead, this report takes a comparative approach to web portals only, based on their functionality from a business perspective. Web portals are websites which act as a main point of entry for users. They offer a range of services, for example news section, search engine and web catalogue. Web portals are CMS solutions which offer content over the web, thus they may seem limited in functionality over traditional applications. To the contrary, due to the pervasive nature of the internet, the web has become the preferred method for content delivery (Browning Lowndes 2001).Requirements PrerequisitesAlthough requirements on software packages vary between businesses, they still have certain common requirements. The objective of this report is to compare the widest possible selection of open source content management systems, which can be used by businesses. The most suitable CMS solutionsRequirements PrerequisitesApplicationsDeploymentWorkflowVersioningIntegrationContentUserManagementData escritoireIntegration corroboration ServicesSyndication ManagementLinkInterfaceUserData RepositoryRelationalare selected based on a set of clearly defined requirements, all others have been rejected. Figure 4.3 lists these requirements.All the systems compared within this report are required to b e licensed by an OSI-approved open source license, as defined in chapter 3. Open source software is widely recognised for its standards compliance, which is vital for businesses. For example, creating a website which uses proprietary data structures will delay future expansion to new systems or technologies due to incompatibilities. Open source software are more likely to follow standards like the W3C extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) or XML specifications while ensuring they can interact with each other. mercantile software tend to be incompatible with each other in order to keep the customer hooked to a specific technology or supplier.Compatibility with the Apache HTTP server is vital. The Apache HTTP server is the most widely used web server on the internet. Netcraft (2004) reports that more than 67% of the websites on the internet are using Apache, with 4 million new hostnames growth in the first half of 2004.Chapter 5Planning to implement MIS in the organisationInf ormation SystemAn information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organisation. In addition to support decision making, coordination, and control, information system may also help managers and workers analyze problems and visualize complex subjects and create new products. Information systems contain information about significant people, place and things within the organisation or in the surroundings surrounding its. By information we mean data that have been shaped into a form that is important and useful to human beings. Data is contrast are streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organisation or physical environment before they have been unionised and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.Theres more growth and innovation in computing and ICT than in any other area of business. The individuals and organisations best equipped to respond to the challenge of rapidly changing technologies are those with the vision to ensure that their skills and knowledge are kept current and set in a broad educational context. Computing and ICT professionals with a strong skill set are much in take in today, and enrolling on a postgraduate computing course with the OU will keep you at the forefront of this influential discipline. Our Postgraduate Computing and ICT courses provide you with the range of innovative, practice-based courses and qualifications that you need to develop your career. We offer several certificates, diplomas and masters degrees in computing and ICT, and you can choose to study topics such as software development and management, project management, computer forensics, information security, communication technologies and networks. You dont need to have a first degree to register for a course, but you do need either previous study to the equivalent of HND level in the UK, or practical experience, which will enable study at postgraduate level.Management Data ResourcesImplementing a database requires widespread organisation change in the fiber of information, the allocation of power at senior levels, the ownership and sharing of information, patterns of organisational agreement. A database management system challenges the existing power arrangements in an organisation and for that reason often generates political resistance. In a traditional file environment each department constructed files and programs to fulfill its specific needs. Now with a database files and programs must be built that take into account the full organisations interest in data. Moving database environment can be a costly long term process,.Electronic Business, Electronic CommerceThroughout this edition we accent the benefits of integrating information across the enterprise, creating an information technology infrastructure in which information can be flow seamlessly from one part of the organisation to another and from t he organisation to its customers, suppliers, and business partners. The emerging digital firm require this level of information integration and companies increasingly depend on such an infrastructure today to remain efficient and competitive. Internet technology has emerged as the key enabling technology for this digital integration.Chapter 6ConclusionThe internet has been introduced major changes in the way companies conduct business.It has created a dramatic befuddle in the cost of developing, sending and storing information while making that information more widely available. Millions of people can exchange massive amounts of information directly, instantly, for free. These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works . But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees stretch out to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. germLinux (2004), The linux kernel archives. Last access 20-4-2004.URL http//www.kernel.orgMaglio, P. Farrell, S. (2000), Liveinfo Adapting web experience by customizationand annotation, in Proceedings of the 1st International Conferenceon adjustive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web-based Systems.Michelinakis, D. (2003), SotonOne project, Masters thesis, University of Southampton, Department of Electronics and Computer Science.MozillaFoundation (2004), The mozilla browser. Last

Innocent Ice Sorbets Market Analysis Marketing Essay

clean-handed grouch Sorbets commercialise Analysis Marketing EssayIntroductionTo create a innovative profit and follow commercializeplace trends Innocent decide to extend blade and move into imagineing glass run d effect mart. Although they gear uped a cutting looking glass jactitate carrefour called Innocent sparkler Sorbets. This draft entrust introduce the launch phase. The activates leaveing be highlighted by utilize Marketing Mix as an aspect of merchandiseing communication machines.Innocent Ice Sorbets market synopsisInnocent Ice sorbets leave an innovated and exclusive harvest- abode that has possibility to be actually successful, because of the unique growth texture, Healthy with bug out, sugar, no cin one casentrates and sweeteners. (Innocent 2010)Current market analysis shows that Ice choice trends be changing. Numbers of sales of ice cream join ond by 8% between 2007 and in 2009 advance an estimated 1.3 trillion.(Mintel 1,2009) the future f orecasting sales value be expected to upgrade by 1.5 billion in 2014 (Mintel1, 2009)Although Innocent need to score into considerations issues that may have impact of the sales and introduce phase. The Innocent is on the market for by 10 year. Differentiation strategy highlights Innocent briny overt resources financial stability and substantiating brand image (Warc) this leads capabilities very auxiliary for marketing communication against highly competitive market. The segment that Innocent aiming is immense and very signifi buttockst, general families with children, teenagers, 15- 25 and master copys groups 26-45 Non-buyers tend towards over 45 atomic number 18 less affluent to purchases intersection (Mintel 2 2009). Although Innocent ice sorbets contains speed of light% fruit that give chance to expeditiously driven new market and reflect on healthy living that is so trendy those days. (Mintel 3 2009) This movement need to be highlighted later Ice cream sorbets in marketing communication plan. harmonise to( Mintel 3 2009) there is room for manufacturers to function standard varieties similar sorbet as suited for al-Qaida dessert. Ice cream can be one of the substitute of healthy and delicious cocktails or exclusively ice cream healthy desserts for professionals, sportsmens, and also families. check to (Mintel 3 2009) Around 6 one million million consumers think that sorbets ar healthy than traditional ice creamA nonher positive factor that can have impact in cost of introducing phase is eco friendly forwarding that gives advantage to be hangn as premium and extravagance products. Those types of the products are more(prenominal) than likely to be purchased as a treat (Mintel 3 2009) 1.3 billion ice cream market is tapping into this demand with rise uping sales of luxury and premium ice creams at the expense of standard varieties. 14 million adults buy ice cream as a treat.(Mintel 3 2009)This require to be influenced by mark eting stage towards segment later on.They are some down side with the ice cream sorbets. Statistic shows that Ice cream are more likely to be associated with warm summer temperatures and is an iconic symbol of summer Ice cream are mainly seen as seasonal cooler. (Wark 2 2009) Summers in England are the most affected by poor weather condition, which is cold and wet (Mintel 3 2009)Ice cream sphere is currently dominated by experienced market players that have large portfolio such Ben and Jerrys, Haagen-Dazs, Solero and Carte Dor also grocery store retailers that launched sorbets under their own label like Tesco, Sainsbury, and Waitrose. Although, trueheartedty to premium ice cream brands is comparatively low (11%), while bet in trying new flavours and types of ice cream (34%) (Mintel 4 2009)To consider just about all above factors Innocent can increase awareness by using strong sides of the product healthy that get out gave prospect to differentiate the salves. This testament le ad fortune to be a dominate leader of the ice crime sector against huge competition on the market. Uniqueness of the product go out maximise market opportunity by draw new consumers that leads a issue forth market increase 10% until summer 2010, that might raise boilersuit company profits. Marketing mix is a perfect mechanism to pick up effective mien to fall out with it consumers.Marketing communication preyAt this stage Innocent ice cream sorbets need to as a great deal possible actively thing how to promote the product as a healthy option refreshing dessert or impulse treat. For those fence clarify objective is curtail. Product objective need to pass fob stages to meet their objectives factors that in the end they get out be neck a stylishness (Pickton,Broderick 2005) this leave behind give option to become specific in footing of all marketing communication proceeding and planning. This means that objectives abide be more meaningful to the company. The main obj ective is more about product awareness in terms of product value and costs. Another significant rouse to develop expression to catch the attention of Innocent sorbets cigarette group expected actions Spring 2010. The timing for launch phase volition be very significant from April August 2011. April is a perfect prison term to give enough eon to find effective communication way to introduce product to it new tar drag audience just in advance following summer.Target Audience Description and JustificationThe market query indicating the fact that market is already very competitive by compete brands that been highlighting earlier on. Innocent ice sorbets has chance to avoid main revels by differentiate them selfs (Johnson 2008) by providing high value product to vast range audience consumers.The target market will be isolated into three different demographics age group. Age group 16- 24, youth and yang professionals groups, professionals 25-34, 35-45 +. (Mintel 2 2009) Statis tic shows that ice cream lovers are those ones located in first 2 group aged 16-24, second after 35-45, aged 45+ are less likely to purchase the product. (Mintel 2 2009). According to those findings Innocent should guidance the most on professionals sectors and 35-45 that for some causal agents are forgotten by competitors. The spring for selecting those particular segments is because those ones are the most coercive in terms of spending and already have established life style in terms of money and children. Wealthy spenders can be interested to look at healthy high timber luxury ice cream. This will wait on distinguish product its self. Especially females that are more likely to look at luxury healthy alternative sorbets ice cream, statistics shows that the grocery shoppers in most families are females 50% rather male 44% ( Mintel 5 2009) Womens are more likely to express them selfs in terms of quality and also share persuasion with friends and family members. This creates world of month in the hopes that once inside the household the new ice cream would catch on with all members of the family. (Kolstad 5 2007) Target sector also looks very shining according to future forecasting shoes that this sector will grow signify 10% between 2009 -2014 (Mintel 5 2009) Marketing communications should bring through awareness.Integrated Marketing communication strategyMarketing communication is a technique that will be employ to decide how to turn an objective into a strategy. At this stage is obvious that company should stress on the message to target audience. Now is more about strong suit and way to dedicate the message to be understood by audience as Innocent meant to? For those reasons mass media and marketing communication mix will be intently use. According to Marketing Mix that offer range activates tools to communicate with it target audience.(Pickton, Broderick 2005) Those tools will minimize danger that message will not pass thru it audience, or wi ll be understand differently as primary Innocent intend. For those highlighted aspects the AIDA model will be proposed according to (Blythe 2006) that interpreted AIDA as most successful hierarchical, four layer process using the four cognitive phases that buyers follow when accepting a new idea or purchasing a new product. Using a carcass like this gives one general understanding of how to target a market effectively. Moving from step to step one loses some percent of prospects.Although Awareness, wager and Desire are the most measurable hierarchical, four layer because they are more into launch phase. Psychologically attract the attention, raise customer interest and convince customers to desire to satisfy their needs. The logic behind that is the fact that consumers come across all marketing activity and learn product when goes out of the market thats creates perceptions in their minds. These perceptions carry, rational or emotional messages, which the consumer then processes at a conscious, or subconscious, level. This framework interprets marketing communication as a transmission from a get downer (the brand) to a receiver (the consumer) (Barnham 2008).Those highlighted activities are implicit in(p) to accomplish the objectives that are more into onward motional mix issues.For those reasons the starting point as a promotional operation is to drive awareness of the product by using psychological tolls that lead curies and also unsatisfied need. That will cause emotional, hedonic and significant aspects impulse buying towards the product (Ureta 2002). supreme knowledge and experience give possibility that consumer is more likely to hold and look at market shelfs towards the product again. But also is existent possibility recommend it to friends or family members. World of Mouth it is powerful tool in terms of communication this can be very important to create strong, positive brand images and beliefs. 65% of people seek advice from friends or famil ies (R.Mason 2008)All launching marketing activity is more into noticeable active promotion that will have massive impact on consumer behaviour. When the consumers get in to supermarkets or any place where they can find ice cream cabin, they need to have a drive impulse that will remained about early knowledge of the product. For that reasons visual and noticeable poster that will be adequate to the professionals group but also children the same time will be vital. The posters should look simple and should stress on coulomb% neutral healthy nature of the product, very much similar to already existing poster of Innocent smoothes. Location of the posters should be noticeable, at the supermarket or grocery entrance or ice cream cabins, bus stops, waste centres, or during the summer funfairs. Leisure centre or coffee shops should be considerate at first because those places are providing friendly impression moods to their consumers that are more likely to purchase the product and cons ume it. This action will stir up Supermarket and grocery sales because consumer they will be known with the product and quality.Integrated Marketing communicating TacticThis section is more about activates and events that are going to be undertaken to address objective (Pickton,Broderick 2005)Communication has huge impact to create awareness for those reasons adequate medium will be curtail. For those reasons Innocent ice cream communication channels will be divided into four different forms. Internet, Televisions, Press and Personal changeOver the last decade, the internet has emerged as a mainstream advertising medium, and advertisers around the world are altering their media budgets and switching change magnitudeAmounts of money into this new medium. Before product will be launched the Innocent should think about the best way to create awareness and curies to it consumers. Innocent already posses a home page where could attract a new product to loyal and also new web visitor s. Being on the market for past 10 years Innocent should have existing consumers data lay down that been developed thru main activity Smoothes portfolio. This gave them proximately 10,000 contacts retailer (Innocent official 2010). Innocent could simply use internet power and simply send email with invitations to amount home webpage or YouTube official advertisement to introduce ice sorbets. e-mail those days is primary medium of timely and cost effective social communication in most organizations in developed countries (Huang 2003).This should be a perfect starting point to aware existing costumers The challenge is to gain new consumers Internet and social networks like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, in this case will have highly impact on their launching phase indeed. Professionals bloggers and individuals that are responsible for brand image and Public Relations could simply send an electronic invitation to consumers that sign up to use a social network. This will give a competit ive advantage to link them to a home page. This action will be mostly dedicated to those consumers that are very familiar with social networks. Over the last decade, the internet has emerged as a mainstream advertising medium, and advertisers around the world are altering their media budgets and switching increasing amounts of money into this new medium. (Wark 2007 )TelevisionThe television is one of the most powerful sources of advertising. The product seen from media is most likely to be remembered and discussed by the public (Work 2007) the alone disadvantage is cost efficacy and time consuming process. For that reason selecting permit TV platform that will simply gain opportunity and increase new audience that is strictly linking to the targeted market. For a reason the platforms and channels should be selected very carefully. In this case most noticeable and most beautiful television channels are ITV1, ITV2 and Chanel 4. (Horsman 2005) The advertisement will be take hold of to the public every Saturdays, different channel for 4 months for details see Appendices 1. The time will be strictly selected only between brakes of poiular shows and movies. 600pm up to 900 pm. The logic behind that is the fact that professional groups families are more likely to spend time of front TV and relax between those times. TV advertising are very effectiveness in terms of established products in the market( Lodish 2009) by doing that brand will r separately dynamic over the long run suggest into it consumers in terms of the product. (Work 2007) This will give opportunity to remained consumer about brand and reflect on the product by given visual image.PressWomens and Mans magazines like Hello, OK, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan, Vogue Red, Glamour e.g. Are the most popular magazines at home market (Mintel 6 2008). In this case advertisement will be selected on the second pages of the magazines. Weekly magazines will be taken in to consideration the most. This is the best wa y to aware womans that they are so influential in terms of purchasing this been already highlighted on early stages of the proposal. That the reason for selection those magazines. The campaign will be run from May un till August following year.Personal sellingTo support strategy private selling will be very adequate action. It is one of the oldest forms of promotion but also power full and give opportunity to push strategy. Due to strategy plan is very vital that Innocent should take part of some of the major event or exhibitions in UK. According to plan timetable should be strict follow (See appendices 1) Location is very important, it should take place at main biggest cities like London, Manchester and Cardiff (statistic 2010) those location has been chosen because the distances from each of the cites are noticeable and at the same time products could be introduced in different geographic locations. During that event Innocent could introduce to the new electric potential consum ers a product by offering free sample from portfolio. consume is always interesting tool to impress potential consumer. This give opportunity to met potential consumers and retailers and give advantage to receive feedback from consumers inters of product. During the events Innocent could possibly provide vouchers buy one get one free that could be used in the next visit in any supermarket or grocery shops. By doing that Innocent will manipulate their consumer to purchase a product but the same time give an opportunity to try a different flower that perhaps could be a favourite one. This action should push up to introduce phase and also give positive impact into the brand image and a new product.Cost and Media figureSee appendices 2Conclusion

Germany Under Wilhelm II and Russia Under Nicholas II

Ger some Under Wilhelm II and Russia Under Nicholas IIWas the Russian state to a raze place Nicholas II to a greater extent or less st open than the Ger humanReich on a lower floor Wilhelm II?Seen from their end-points for Russia, from the November 1917 Revolution, the abdication and execution of the tzar, the bloodshed of millions for Germany, from defeat and the dismay of the Versailles pact it is tempting to reply to the present question that Nicholas II and Wilhelm II go forthover their countries in near suitable depths of chaos, destruction, and disorder. Russia in 1918 witnessed the overthrow of a centuries-old monarchy, class-system and manner of life, and found it replaced with a Bolshevik revolution, a wholly different violence structure and system of governance and thus it is hard to imagine a more tumultuous reign than that presided over by Nicholas II. At the starting signal of his reign in 1894 he was undoubtedly confronted with the immense problem of effec ting the massive reforms promised to ordinary Russians following the emancipation of the serfs, and it is give carely that this awesome task would present resulted in tremendous in constancy for Russia no matter who she was prevaild by. Nonetheless, Nicholas II and the various dumas he worked beside, undoubtedly exasperated and intensified the wave of potentially destabilizing forces facing Russia in these days. Nicholas IIs own temper and anger led to the dissolution of two dumas and thus to prolonged political hesitation for the country the intransigence of certain conservative elements as well as the perceived weakness of several of his prime ministers further compounded this uncertainty. From 1900 frontwards the various central institutions of Russian life Church, monarchy, parliament were eroded and candid to ever greater change and danger culminating in the carnage and split up of 1917. In Germany there was no such perception of a dawdling erosion of institutions and gathering crisis rather she was shaken into disarray by the lowest four calamitous years of the Great War. Upon taking the throne in 1888, Wilhelm II found Germany in better condition than Nicholas Russia the euphoria and self-complacency arising from national unification in 1870 flowed around Germany right until 1914 and 1915 her institutions were thought to be secure, stable and even invulnerable. Still, within four years of 1914, she had been visited by an equal if non greater destruction and asymmetry than Russia. Russia was destitute in 1918, tho at least she was succeederful and could hope for some continuation of her pagan way of life. Germany however had been defeated and so was in 1918 the thrall of the victorious offices and so could be shaped and moulded be them as they pleased.The general levels of stability of Germany under Wilhelm II and Russia under Nicholas II can be part measured by comparing the stability of their political institutions. In twain instances (Nicholas kinship with the Duma and Wilhelms with the Reichstag), the story is one of the deterioration of the authority of the monarchy and its ceding of power to political or military bodies (1). Nicholas relationship with the dumas was antagonistic from the root system of his reign in 1884. The First Duma, following the emancipation of the serfs in the 1870s, was undisturbed of a majority of Kadets, and this composition necessarily led to a unconnected reaction mingled with the Kadets and the Tsar something clearly leading to national congenital instability (2). Nicholas II found his Prime Minister Sergei Witte competent and able and this relationship promised a dilution of the dispute between the Tsar and the Duma nonetheless, this relationship began to ebbing when Nicholas wife, Alexandra, showed distrust of Witte, thus precipitating Nicholas dissolution of the First Duma (3).This dissolution was externally characterized by a friction of personality between W itte and Alexandra inwardly, it pointed to the immense problems the Russian Prime Minister faced in implementing the promised political and neighborly reforms. The utmost(prenominal) nature and proportions of these reforms, overturning centuries of Russian aristocratic presidency, would shake the stability of any country in Russia the problem was compounded by its vast population and geography. Tsar Nicholas task of effecting political reform in Russia was thus in many ways more difficult than Wilhelms for instance, Russia was decades behind Germany in its education and this led to greater instability in its pursuit of equality.Russians might perplex anticipated greater stability from the Second Duma in reality it off-key out to be as problem-plagued and ineffective as the First Duma and last its ineffectiveness precipitated the great crisis and abdication of 1917 (4). The Prime Minister of the Second Duma, Pyotr Stolypin, perceiving these problems, dissolve the parliament, and sought-after(a) to manipulate its electoral nature to possess a more conservative composition and thus for the new Duma to be controlled by the liberal-conservative Octobrist swingowship of Alexander Guchov (4). Despite his conservative leaning, Stolypin, like Witte before him, initially looked like he might effect some of the long-promised reforms he planned, for instance, to provide loans to the lower classes to let them purchase land, and thus forge an agricultural class faithful to the Tsar (4). Had such plans succeeded then they would undoubtedly brought greater stability to the Russian state in the event the opposite came about Stolypins proposed reforms were fence by ultra-conservatives close to the Tsar, and events reached a low when Stolypin was assassinated by Dmitry Bogov in Kiev in September 1911. All in all, the huge difficulties of effecting Russias urgently needed reforms proved too great for successive Russian prime ministers these failures in turn led to a d eterioration of the relationship between the Tsar and the Duma, and thus to profound political and social instability for the Russian state.The relationship between Wilhelm II and the Reichstag was homogeneously blighted, though this impinge and division was, in itself, less destabilizing than in Tsarist Russia (5). In Germany the emperors dispute with the Reichstag and the instability it precipitated was the result of clash of personality between his own and that of his Chancellor, the formidable Otto von Bismarck. At Wilhelms succession of the throne in June 1888 Germany was in a nervous euphoria about the unification that she had engendered in the previous decade a great deal remained to be done, merely Germanys reforms had always been those concerning the of unification of its various states, and non the reformation of social classes as in Russia (6). Wilhelm II had no intention of existence a passive or nominal monarch he wanted to rule as well as reign as one historian h as put it (6). This intention antagonised Chancellor Bismarck, who cared for no interference from the monarch. This dispute ultimately led to Wilhelm II dismissing Bismarck in 1890, and thus, payable to the monarchs impatience and petulance, an abandonment of Bismarcks prudent and wise policies for the government of Germany. Wilhelm installed Leo Graf von Caprivi, Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Shillingsfurst, Prince Bernhard von Bulow, and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg as a series of successors to Bismarck each of them macrocosm polar opposites to the former chancellor they were rather obsequious puppets to the Kaisers will. Wilhelms decision to remove Bismarck had thus weakened Germany significantly and change magnitude its vulnerability and instability not only had the hero of unification been cruelly deposed, only when his prodigious powers of statesmanship and the order those skills brought to Germany, had been replaced by those of the Kaiser a man whose character was irasc ible and volatile and thus of the worst possible form to handle the inflammable events that would pinnacle in 1914.The relative stability of Wilhelms Germany and Nicholas Russia may also be discussed in the context of their contribution to and manipulation of the Great War of 1914-1918. Anticipating somewhat the conclusion to this essay, the following may be said of the two monarchs respective attitudes to war and the instability these wrought Nicholas IIs reign is characterized by reluctance to enter the conflict, Wilhelms by the precipitation of it. A historian might expect thus that Nicholas II, being more prudent and indisposed to war, might have thus secured greater internal stability for Russia than the bellicose Germany of Wilhelm, which one would have expected to offend the vicissitudes and fluxes of war. Nonetheless, paradoxically, despite quite different attitudes to the conflict both Germany and Russia were to endure similar levels of turmoil and upheaval in its wake R ussia subjected to Revolution and anarchy and Germany the humiliation and disintegration of the Versailles Treaty.Wilhelms contribution to the instability of 1914-1918 can best be described in terms of his personal character he did not avidly crave war even once describing it as a most unimaginable thing (7) but rather aided it by his injudicious foreign policy decisions, blunders, and errors. Wilhelm II lent his authority and power to the German generals and to others who ardently sought the conflict. His minor precipitative blunders included his support for Germanys massive increase in naval power, his telegram (8) that congratulated President Kruger for the success of the Jameson Raid against the British, and his July 1900 address encouraging German forces to support to Boxer Rebellion. roughly disastrous and inflammatory of all was the Kaisers involvement in the cursory Telegraph Affair of 1908 (9). In this interview the Kaisers mistimed and inappropriate comments angered n ot only Britain, but also Japan, Russia, France and other counties also. In the years immediately preceding 1914 Bismarck conscientiously abandoned Bismarcks former successful foreign policy of ostracizing France from the other major supranational powers and instead invoked sympathy for France by appearing to challenge her rule in Morocco. All in all, Bismarcks personal leadership of Germany during the years 1900-1914, whether deliberately or unintentionally, did much to antagonise Germanys international neighbours and so to eventually precipitate the profound instability that arose from World War I and its aftermath. Wilhelms naivety and impatience, coupled with the bellicosity of his generals, eroded many the positive reforms and strong institutions established by Bismarck during and after unification this erosion left Germany improperly balanced and leaning precariously in the direction of stultify international warfare.But the instability that arose for Russia during and after the Great War was due not to Russias seeking such a conflict but from her fragmented and dithering response to it. Nicholas II was a main extension of this indecision and his inadequate leadership, compounded by the largely failed implementation of reforms in previous years, led to the collapse of the monarchy and abdication of the Tsar, and thus a deep distressing and turbulent period for Russia. In the wake of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by Gavrilo Princip of the Serbian Black Hand organization, Russia and the Tsar were forced into a very(prenominal) awkward position. Russia had for several years advocated support for the Pan-Slav movement and had signed treaties with Serbia guaranteeing her apology on the other hand, as the Will Nicky correspondence (10) shows, Nicholas II sought to avoid war at all costs fearing the devastation it would cause to himself and to the nation. In the event, Russia was truly devastated by the war her armies were destroyed en mass, the monarchy fell and millions of Russians died from fighting, disease, hunger and drought. The 1917 November Revolution led to civil war, further bloodshed, misery and excruciation and to the installation of a wholly new political political science. A greater state of instability can hardly be imaginedIn the final analysis, the question as to which of Tsar Nicholas IIs Russia and Willhelm IIs Germany knew greater stability depends upon whether a historian looks at these periods from their respective beginnings or their ends. The Germany that Wilhelm inherited in 1894 was certainly more stable than that received by Nicholas in 1884. But a powerful argument can be made to say that despite the turmoil of the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia was nonetheless possess of greater stability than Germany. This argument is given strength if one looks at events after 1918 Communism gave Russia seventy years of stable government and boldness irregardless of whether one endorses such a gov ernance or not Germany, on the other hand, was to endure the vicissitudes of Weimar, ten years of the Nazi regime and finally the ultimate instability of World War II.BIBLIOGRAPHYAcademic Books, Journals Articles(1) Roberts, John. The Penguin annals of the World. (3rd Ed.) Penguin, London,2003, pp. 707-717.(2) Perry, John P Pleshakov, Constantine. The Flight of the Romanovs. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford, 1999, pp. 209.(3) Alexandrov, Victor. The End of the Romanovs. London, 1966.(4) Pares, Bernard. The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. London, 1939, pp. 44-48..(5) caravan der Kiste, John. Kaiser Wilhelm II Germanys net Emperor. SuttonPublishing, Stroud, 1999, pp101-103.(6) Rohl, John C. G. The Kaisers Personal Monarchy, 1888-1900. Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 133.(7) Macdonogh, Giles. The Last Kaiser The Life of Wilhelm II. St. Martins Press, brisk York, 2001, pp. 301.(8) Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War. New York, Random Hou se, 1991, pp. 108.(9) The interview of the Emperor Wilhelm II on October 28, 1908. London day-by-dayTelegraph, October 28, 1908.(10) The Kaisers letters to the Tsar, copied from the government archives in Petrograd, and brought from Russia by Isaac Don Levine, ed., with an mental home by N.F. Grant. London, Hodder and Soughton Ltd, 1920

Application Of Theory In Pediatric Epilepsy Nursing Essay

exertion Of Theory In Pediatric Epilepsy Nursing EssayTheories of nursing stack be presently applied to nursing put on. Middle range theories ar especially all- valuable(a) in sympathize with for unhurrieds. Recognizing that the surmise of degenerative aggrieve is applicable to pediatric epilepsy longanimouss is all important(p) to the deal of the child as comfortably as their family. The hypothesis of degenerative herb of gracefulness is related to periodic feelings of sadness that a person obtains repayable to a harm or inveterate heart dilemma. The pertinency of degenerative sadness arrive for be evaluated related to the nursing practice of pediatric epilepsy patients. Pediatric epilepsy patients and their families face umpteen ongoing problems which earth-closet take off continuing sadness at whatever given point in their lives. A scenario surrounding the c ar of a pediatric epilepsy patient and their family allow be discussed associated wi th the surmisal of continuing sorrow. The nurse pull up stakes learn from this cuttingspaper the rationale behind applying nursing theories to their everyday nursing care.A clinical Scenario in Pediatric Epilepsy The midst range nursing speculation of degenerative sorrow is apparent in many patients and families affected by epilepsy. Epilepsy is a relatively common diagnosing in the pediatric population. Chronic sorrow can be triggered over and over again with new exaltations, hold back in development, discourses and the many restrictions on living life as approach pattern children do. Nursing care of a child and family experiencing the effects of epilepsy can be challenging. An eleven year old female presented in the pediatric epilepsy supervise unit for intractable epilepsy. She had a diagnosis of epilepsy since the mount up of three months. She alike had lowly diagnoses of attention deficit and hyper exertion disorder (ADHD) and cognitive developmental delays. Her family brought her to the infirmary for a second opinion regarding treatment options for her intractable seizures. The patient is an tho child and lives at home with both of her biological parents. The patients mother acheing outside the home and the father was a high school instructor unless has made the choice to reside at home due to patients extensive needs and diagnosis. The patient att stop overs public school in a special needs classroom setting with other children with developmental disabilities. She requires the manipulation of a classroom aide due to her extreme behavioral outbursts. Physical, occupational and speech therapies are provided for her while at school and she is reported as functioning at a twelve year old long time level. The parents grassed that the patient does not socialize salubrious and well-nigh children are stately of her due to her behavior. They feel that she is challenging no matter what they do. During their stay the parents display ed behaviors of foreign coping and continuing sorrow. They often described the patient as A Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde. She was observed to be pleasant at epochs, still had a short attention span. Her behaviors could cash in ones chips disruptive and she had frequent outbursts. She is dependent on others for assistance with hygiene due to frequent falls from seizures and inability to perform tasks on her own. Her father also voiced that she had signs of regression over the closing curtain year. The family has never sought services or explored resources with any epilepsy erectation. They call for also never looked into any other community services such(prenominal) as the board of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities (MRDD), Wavier services or respite care. The father reported that they do no choice but to try and allot finished this lifelong dis ministration. The father appeared to be passably gruff secondary to his interactions and responsiveness towards the patients behaviors. He was and so observed on the video monitoring system to threaten the patient by masking his fist to patient. Her mother was then seen pushing his hand away and state for him not to do this because they were on camera. It is unnoticeable to why the father was doing this tomfool or if he was angry at the time, but no somatic abuse was seen. The nursing staff felt at this point that thither were many coping concerns and spoke to the family regarding their frustrations. Social work and child psychiatry were also consulted to evaluate this escalating situation. During this admission an extensive surgical workup was performed. The patient was interpreted off of all antiepileptic medication so that a seizure could be recorded and observed on the electroencephalogram (EEG). It was very troublesome and emotional for the family to hope for a seizure to athletic wearer the patients boilers suit prognosis. subsequently several days of purposeful sleep deprivation the patient began to have seizure activity that escalated to the point of status epilepticus. The seizures were able to be controlled on the unit with aesculapian examination treatment and the patient was restarted on her antiepileptic medication. afterward a week of extensive monitoring it was determined that she was able to be released home with her parents to come back for epilepsy surgery at a subsequently date.The Theory of Chronic Sorrow The middle range theory of degenerative sorrow is relevant to families of children inside the field of pediatric epilepsy. They may experience many emotions upon identification of this aesculapian problem and throughout its wariness. Chronic sorrow can be delimit as periodic recurrence of permanent, permeating sadness or other grief-related feelings associated with ongoing disparity resultanting from a sack experience (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p.149). It can occur in the respective(prenominal) with the illness or with the careg ivers and family (Dunning, 1999). An experience of loss is usually a precursor usually to continuing sorrow. It may be a loss without a foreseeable end point. Examples of this could be the birth of a disabled child or diagnosis of a degenerative illness, or a more clearly defined loss event, such as the death of a loved genius (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). A second precursor to chronic sorrow is considered to be disparity. A disparity is a gap between the current reality and the sought after as a result of a loss experience (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 149). A disparity happens when a patient or their family can not let go of the situation or the loss that has occurred. These can lead to happen experiences of chronic sorrow.Trigger events can often bring about feelings of chronic sorrow. A trigger event is defined as a situation, circumstance, or condition that brings the negative disparity resulting from the loss into focus, or exacerbates the disparity (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 149). This can depend on how often the patient has seizures and the affects that they have on the childs overall tint of life. These events can also occur when the child has failed another medical intervention or is unable to accomplish an additional developmental milepost related to their chronic seizure activity. One of the most frequent triggers of chronic sorrow in parents of small children with disabilities is the regression or absence of developmental milestones (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). The trigger situations are usually unexpected and can appear at any given time. Management methods for the theory of chronic sorrow are essential in the care of the child and their family. The attention of chronic sorrow involves two different types of intervention. These types of winment interventions are considered to be versed and external. midland intervention includes in the flesh(predicate) coping throughout an episode of chronic sorrow. distinct types of action orient ed strategies are used to help the patient or family feel more in control of the situation that they are experiencing (Peterson and Bredow, 2009). native management can be also gained from tolerate groups or language to other individuals in similar situations. Interpersonal communication is another outline of internal management that has been identified in helping someone allot with their chronic sorrow (Peterson and Bredow, 2009).External interventions are those received from a unquestionable healthcare member. It is important for professionals to recognize that individuals who have experienced a probatory loss may evidence the periodic recurrence of grief-related feelings, defined as chronic sorrow (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 154). Nurses can use this knowledge to provide go for to those patients or families experiencing an episode of chronic sorrow or to those that may be have an episode impending. It is important to identify whether or not the individual has any inter nal management interventions. These interventions can then be assessed, strengthened, and support (Peterson and Bredow, 2009).Chronic sorrow can affect any person and zero is immune to feeling of a loss. The emotions raised by chronic sorrow can affect every individual differently. The middle range theory of chronic sorrow provides a framework for understanding the reactions of individuals to various loss situations and adjures a new way of viewing the experience of bereavement (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 151). It is important for the built-in healthcare team, especially the nurses condole with for these individuals, to be aware of the chronic sorrow and the concepts that define it as a theory. The middle range theory of chronic sorrow has a widespread application for nurses and others who strive to amend understand individuals responses to loss and to define effective interventions for those experiencing chronic sorrow (Peterson and Bredow, 2009, p. 157).Application of Chro nic Sorrow to Pediatric Epilepsy When a child is inaugural diagnosed with epilepsy, the entire family and support system can become overwhelmed. Chronic epilepsy can acquire the lives of all involved with the child. The child and their caregivers have to be concerned with medications, treatments, potency diets, ongoing tests and appointments. The child and their family also have to be aware of activity restrictions and precautions when at home, school, or out in public. This can become a lifelong balancing act. The theory of chronic sorrow becomes important for nurses to in full understand the care of a child with epilepsy. There are so many trigger events that can be experienced by these children and their families that this can become an issue that arises often. According to the literature, chronic sorrow is considered to be a normal response to an ongoing loss (Peterson and Bredow, 2009).In the article by Hobdell (2007), chronic sorrow was studied with children and families a ffected by epilepsy. Regardless of onset, patient age, or circumstances involved, chronic sorrow is an important variable to consider. The eleven year old patient and family who were cared for in the pediatric epilepsy unit had many issues that indicated that they were experiencing chronic sorrow. Their struggle with chronic sorrow began at diagnosis. Contending with the diagnosis of epilepsy and acting to overcome the inherent problems associated with this medical condition form the basis for a parents ability to cope with the care of a child with epilepsy (Hobdell, 2007). This family waited years to be blessed with this child and they were now facing the biggest uphill battle of their lives. The campaign of a childs seizures, potential complications, and long-term prognosis are often unknown (Hobdell, 2007). This patient also faced diagnoses of ADHD and cognitive developmental delays secondary to her epilepsy. This family thought that the epilepsy was difficult enough, but they then had to try and cope with difficulties in every other aspect of their daughters life. This seems to be the time when their chronic sorrow intensified. The inevitable loss of the image of an ideal child, intensified by the diagnosis of a child with epilepsy, may initiate a mourning service that varies in intensity, rate, and duration (Hobdell, 2007).The diagnosis of epilepsy has affects on the entire family as well as the patient. The patients father felt as though he had to stay home to care for her seeing as she needed regular lapse and her mother could provide more monetarily. For parents who are workings full time and caring for a child with chronic illness, the stressors related to managing work and caring responsibilities are magnified (Dunning, 1999). Her parents appeared to be involved, but were in allotly reactive to divided outbursts, which in turn seemed to increase the episodes. They were embarrassed that they were observed threatening the patient, but admittedly were not sure of how to effectively cope with the situation. Additional look into has also examined adaptation, burden of care, and stigma as variables impacting stress and the ability to cope with the diagnosis of epilepsy (Hobdell, 2007). They blamed themselves for their daughters problems. They explained that they tried to have a baby for years. later many unsuccessful pregnancies they believed that were blessed with this sodding(a) angel. When the patient started having seizures at the age of three months they were devastated and this is when the rollercoaster of their life began. Under these circumstances, it is common for parents to be reminded of the loss associated with the perfect child they once dreamed of or to experience an increased alarm that their child may not be able to live the quality of life they once anticipated (Gordon, 2009). The diagnosis moldiness signly be incorporated into daily life without it completely taking over (Hobdell, 2007).During the initial diagnosis of epilepsy the medical team explains the basics of what to expect, treatments, interventions for uncontrolled seizures, and safety precautions. The nursing staff has a very important role with these patients and their families. They can offer words of advice and examples of what others would do in a similar situation. The nurses work transfer on with these types of patients and families everyday and have a wealth of knowledge to help them feel that they are not alone. Becoming accustomed to a new way of life can be very challenging. Education is essential during the discharge process to help the family in being at ease with dealing with this new dilemma that they are facing. Epilepsy can overpower a patient or familys independence. Pediatric nursing is not only care of the children but care of the whole family (Dunning, 1999).Nurses should effectively recognize matters of concern in families of children with epilepsy. This includes impending feelings of sorrow and their understanding and utilization of a variety of management and coping strategies. The capacity to promptly acquire this selective information may comfort nurses in identifying families in need and put into action arrogate interventions. They must do this with the expectation of contributing to a more optimistic result for families of children with epilepsy. With an understanding of chronic sorrow, nurses can fancy interventions that recognize it as a normal reaction, promote healthy adaptation, and provide empathetic support (Scornaienchi, 2003). all aspect of the childs life must be addressed. These issues include home safety, personal care, school safety, driving, recreational activities, medical compliance, and social relationships. With the life-long issues that this child will face, they will need a significant amount of support from the nursing staff. Theories allow for the nursing staff to understand why a family feels the way they do and possible interventions in helping them cope with a difficult situation. The middle range nursing theory of chronic sorrow is applicable to any pediatric patient and their families dealing with the struggle of epilepsy.Adaptation occurs with both internal and external management. According to Gordons (2009) article, caregivers of patients rear support from a variety of sources. The sources of support that this patient and family have are their extended family, friends, the nurses and other medical professionals. As nurses, our interventions should be listening to someone that is enduring chronic sorrow. Internal management differs in all individuals. Sometimes they do not want to reveal how they are feeling, especially to a complete stranger. Respecting the individuals internal management strategies will allow for the most positive results. Parents see strength and courage in their child and that alone gives them the strength they need (Gordon, 2009). External management of chronic sorrow is an intervention taken on by the patients nurses and other medical caregivers. When the nursing staff recognized that there were concerns regarding coping strategies they consulted the social work and child psychiatry teams for assistance. Anticipatory guidance, support services, and community resources can be offered to these families (Dunning, 1999). Nurses begin to build relationships with their patients and their families over the period of treatment. During this time span, nurses may become aware of triggering events. Acting to prevent a triggering event or diminish its capacity may suspend an episode of chronic sorrow. The theory of chronic sorrow will be relevant throughout the ongoing treatment of the seizure activity. Sadly, in this field of pediatrics, many children and their families will have to manage with intractable epilepsy for the rest of their lives. In these cases, the family may have to suffer with chronic sorrow perpetually. When nurses have a thorough understanding of the theory of ch ronic sorrow, they will be able to provide more efficient support and help to diminish occurrences of chronic sorrow. Families who used effective adaptive strategies, such as methods to reduce the burden of illness, had a better quality of life (Scornaienchi, 2003).Conclusion The nursing theory of chronic sorrow is crucial in taking care of patients in the specialty of pediatric epilepsy. This theory presently applies to pediatric epilepsy due it its uniqueness and lifelong effects that it has on the patient and all members of the family. The approach that the nurse and medical team takes in caring for this patient can help them learn to cope with this ongoing medical problem. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to realize that the emotional response to epilepsy may have a negative impact on the child or their family. They may have difficulty in adapting or adjusting to life trades, as well as have trouble in effectively coping and working towards promoting quality of life. Every encounter with the patient or their family should focus on positive allowances. Offering support to help relieve the burden of chronic sorrow can be very beneficial for them. Reducing feelings of criminality related to chronic sorrow can help facilitate adjustment between the patient and their family. This all can allow for positive change in the lives of pediatric epilepsy patients and their families. It has been found that little re hunt club has been done regarding chronic sorrow related to pediatric epilepsy and that it needs to be more soundly explored. It should be determined whether intervention should be initiated at diagnosis with appropriate support and ongoing educational intervention. Timeliness of interventionmay have a more positive impact on the child and their family in regards to perceptions of epilepsy and quality of life.Appendix In preparation for researching literature related to the theory of chronic sorrow and pediatric epilepsy I decided the best de posit to start was Kent State Universitys library homepage. I formulated a plan ahead of time as to what kind of information was important to my search. preciously time can be lostfrom going into a search unsure of what information to look for. I then went into the research database and found that the search engine EBSCO Host would allow me to search CINAHL, Medline Plus, and Health fount Nursing/Academic Edition at the same time. I first narrowed my search by the term chronic sorrow which revealed one-hundred and xiii articles. I then narrowed my search further by adding in pediatric epilepsy which yielded one result. I switched that term to just pediatrics due to only one article available for brushup and I was then able to view twenty articles. From the results page I narrowed the articles to those that are less than 10 years old. This process was essential in decision the exact information that I needed and left me with seventeen tending(p) articles. Many articles that I fo und would be important to my literature review were not available in full text. Several of the articles were available through the Ohio Link, but due to time and distance factors to the college I found that I could access some of them directly from searching for them in Google Scholar. I found this to be the most time efficient way to access the information I needed in my literature review. I chose just the most appropriate articles available on my topic. I did this by nurture through the abstract to determine whether they would have any relevant information. After reading through the abstracts, it was seen whether or not they would be beneficial to my literature review. In doing this entire process I found four articles that were most appropriate in the literature review of pediatric patients suffering from chronic sorrow.

Strategies to Enhance Ecuadors Technological Industry

Strategies to Enhance Ecuadors expert IndustryRenny Alexander Amaguaya Llamuca compend Ecuador is a very diverse kingdom, known worldwide for its gigantic susceptibility to generate raw material. However being a developing country m whatsoever consider it as incapable of generating engineering science. Currently the apparatusation of transmutation programs has all(prenominal)owed an interesting evolution, that is to say that the Ecuador found on the applied science, processes of automation and budges the academician has the cogency to improve its economy and introduced in the field of the proficient research.These ambitious projects gravel made the country start a technological revolution. All Ecuadorians argon guideing hard in the training of original students, as infantile minds get out be in charge of generating resources and developing the country. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, scientific research is becoming one of Ecuadors fortunes the country is m oving earlier and has a promising future We can do it.Introductionthither is no doubt that creativity is the most heavy benignant resource. Without creativity there is no progress and we would al directions be repeating the aforesaid(prenominal) patterns (Edward de Bono).It should be emphasized that the industrial revolution was a very important starting point, because a very yeasty mind decided to do something different and thus began the human race evolution. Technology is a characteristic of the human ability to build, from raw materials a wide variety of objects, machines and tools, as wellhead as victimisation. It uses the scientific knowledge in order to respond to human needs and applies at industry to obtain optimal solutions.Technological advances consume become essential, just look around in every trice and place we argon surrounded by it, it is always present to key out the life simpler. In Ecuadorian industry, technology is indispensable. In fact, most scie ntific elbow greases focus on the creation of new technologies and raise the production. Ecuadorian universities be currently preparing young population with great skills and brilliant minds, who are cerebrate more(prenominal) on environmental origination and on a interchange of the productive matrix. These universities have essential a new educational system, in which the main interest is to foster creativity and innovation. The use of technology is unconditioned and will continue to change, based on the demands of its citizens and the market. However, Ecuadors technology industry could be deepen through a school course based on creativity and innovation in these ways 1, technological programs at schools, 2 places/vocational centers where youths can obtain practical knowledge and 3, improve automation.Technological Programs at SchoolsFirst of all, the technology industry can be enhanced in Ecuador by technological programs at schools. Schools have to strive to implement c ustom methods where students can increase their creativity. Those kinds of programs are planned and designed guardedly to such(prenominal) an extent that they maintain an impeccable order so that the development of these technological activities are completely effective for a incessant learning. Activities to be carried out are structured according to the age of young people. This didactics process is very similar to that implemented at Ohio State University in Columbus. Colleges place greater emphasis on learning material and Jung phone line organisations that opportunities for thoughts to mix freely are fewer now than in the past(Ossola, 2014).These programs have as main component its curriculum based on creativity, which is made up of activities that can be widely developed. Those were created to be developed without previous(prenominal) technology experience, Rex Jung (Professor of neurosurgery at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque) said, creativity is innate, it needs to be cultivated. deep down this curriculum, students should confront flexible programs, too. A great example of this implementation is University in Columbus Ted Clark has been working with a number of spicy schools throughout Ohio to mix creative problem (flexible programs) solving into science classes(Ossola,2014).According to the article Technology, Innovation, and Education(Harvard, 2014) schools are planning to hasten the key to unlock the freedom of students minds, because youths use the regions of the question involved in daydreaming and imagination(Ossola,2014) and schools want to use that imagination. According to Joe Blatt handler of TIE The Technology, Innovation, and Education Program is a proven gateway to honor leadership careers in creating, implementing, and evaluating educational media and technology. Technological program is a way to train creative leaders in education with a continuous and very close interaction midst faculty and students.Therefore, Ecuador has taken a similar strategy where the objective of its program is reach a high standard of education based on the correct development of the creative skills of the students. The leaders of this technological program take as an example the objectives of the Finnish education system The Finnish system is built on conceive on autonomous learning, on the value of teacher work and on the overall quality of the proposal(The Finland Phenomenon, Compton, 2012).In short, this fact must be a colossal evolution to the next generation of students whose ideas would mean an extreme change for the hale Ecuador.Places/vocational centers where youths can obtain practical knowledge.Second of all, Ecuador should create Places/vocational centers where youths can obtain practical knowledge to enhanced Industry Technology. mulish knowledge is closely related to the use of technology as a didactic learning medium, according to Scientists Are More Creative than You top executive Imagine (Osso la, 2014) practical activities would appear to take the magic out of the creative process, like having to explain your own joke.It means that students are excited well-nigh the possibility of using technology and are therefore more clever to learn. In addition, during this process of up-to-date learning, not only is it possible to get more information, but also to develop skills that are exclusively developed in the practical field.Exclusively Skills from practical knowledge. According to the article crystallise a Teaching Problem(Mellon University, 2015),today youths are bored of study because the old way of life of teaching cans their minds, students learn better with a practical knowledge so Ecuador needs places where enough technology elements are available to youths to use it freely and encourage the development of innovative technologies. When youths work for a purpose, goal or own dream, the effort will be stripped because they will be free to act. This freedom will allow you to develop your own skills such asThe opportunity to interact with peersThe collaborationStudent responsibility get to take more control over the learning process jibe to make important decisionsEcuadors technology industry needs such sites to move on the desire of young people or children to create new technologies without fear of innovation failure It will allow a continuous innovation in the country.Improve automation.In other hand, Ecuadors technology can be enhanced by improved automation, some of the few industries still work with old technology, because their bosses still thinking that humans can do their project better than a new machine. Automation means a technological change in the industry where first of all the production will be improved in time, economy and quality. People that above all have so much creative and knowledge can change the process of production based on the imagination to solve any problem. For instance William Kamkwamba the builder of windmills in Malawi is currently working on a design for a windmill powerful enough to pump weewee from wells and set aside lighting for Masitala, a cluster of buildings where about 60 families live (Childress, 2007).Ecuador would add a technological medium that offers a more effective production process that demonstrates the technological development of the country. In the withstand decade the developing countries have made a great effort to close the industrialization gap, out of a total of 142 countries analyzed in 2012, Ecuador is in the 96th position, rising twelve seats in relation to the previous year, date In which according to the 2011 WEF report, it was at 108.Today the Ecuadorian brass is working on a program to attract scientists, but to make this, it is necessary to carry out a long-term financing form _or_ system of government for the development of science and technology. Ecuador wants to change the last productive matrix where it was based on buying technology, but why not create? This fact could boost to the creation of new industries, where technology and science research king enhance the Ecuadors industry.ConclusionEcuador over the years has managed to acquire a minimal technological evolution, which has undoubtedly improved in the last decade, but is win in maintaining a quality technology thanks to the small educational revolution that the country achieved. All this progress demonstrates that our culture has succeeded in upward(a) learning and developing new skills. State-owned enterprises are currently looking for business development and better customer service, based on technologies that can provide satisfaction. Beyond importing the latest technology, the state seeks to improve the economic, social and technological structure. Ecuadorian industry should try to implement selected pilot programs to promote the environmental care, trying to be a pioneer country in technological development focused on environmental protection.Vocational ce nters and automation are technical keys to improving the innovation system in Ecuador. Innovative uses of technology, change magnitude the availability of information workstations and providing training in theoretical centers. Young people enjoyed training time to improve competition in innovation. New types of technology simulations should also be implemented in schools to improve basic curriculum training, which will make it easier to integrate technology with students. In addition, the relation surrounded by creativity and practical knowledge previously obtained will help to master the lack of automation in the Ecuadorian industry. Taking place to the line up transformation of productive matrix.References http//teknologiateollisuus.fi/enhttp//teknologiateollisuus.fi/en/ news/technology-industry-wants-growhttp//teknologiateollisuus.fi/en/news/investments-are-necessary-increase-growth-and-jobshttp//www.strategyand.pwc.com/trends/2016-technology-industry-trendshttp//www.abc.net. au/news/2014-11-19/ecuador-flower-growing-improves-food-production/5902034http//www.importancia.org/tecnologia.phphttp//inversion.produccion.gob.ec/en/investment-portfolio/information-and-communication-technologies/http//www.mdx.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/creative-technologyhttps//www.gse.harvard.edu/masters/tiehttps//tdc.okstate.edu/http//www.ctdsess.in/https//www.cmu.edu/teaching/solveproblem/strat-behaverudely/behaverudely-03.htmlhttp//www.eluniverso.com/2012/04/04/1/1356/brecha-digital-persiste-ecuador-segun-informe-fem.htmlhttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2JGeGNxlh4t=24s

A Feminist Journey through Beethovens Musical Structure Essay

A Feminist voyage through Beethovens Musical StructureTraditional analysis of Beethovens use of Sonata allegro form tends to focus on harmonic or melodic travail and key relationships. This study stretches such investigations to include questions of historical context and philosophical motivations that drive a composer to structure symphony in a genuine way. Ultimately this leads to an inquiry about how these imposts affect us as listeners, and more specifically how they relate to gender issues in a tuneful tradition primarily made up of male composers.Music of the 1700s is often characterized as highly structured and balanced. A favorite form for pieces of many kinds was the sonata form, which relies to a great extent on the basic movement between different tonalities (especially tonic and rife or relative major). Ludwig van Beethoven wrote over 30 sonatas for pianoforte alone and used the structure for symphonies and many other instrumental works. nearly other composers of the classical time period also used sonata form, and music historians have spent much time discussing why this might be so. Some historians pose this question strictly within a musical world How did earlier musical structures give rise to sonata form? Others take in what it was in the surrounding historical context that made sonata form appealing.William atomic number 1 Hadow and Charles Rosen are two historians who talk primarily about musical context. Hadow sets his parole in the framework of classical composers movement away from Baroque forms. He says that when Beethoven and his contemporaries chose ternary form over Baroque binary, typified in the dance suite, they chose a structure that was then used successfully into the 20th century. This was only poss... ...s in history. Works CitedAbbate, Carolyn. Unsung Voices Opera and Musical storey in the NineteenthCentury. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1991.Ballantine, Christopher. Beethoven, Hegel and Marx. Music Re view. Vol. 33, 1972.Drake, Kenneth. The Beethoven Sonatas and the Creative Experience. indiumpolisIndiana University Press, 1994.Hadow, William Henry. Sonata Form. London Novello and Company, Limited, 1979.McClary, Susan. Feminine Endings Music, Gender, and Sexuality. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1991.Mann, Thomas. Doctor Faustus. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.Rosen, Charles. The Classical elan Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. New York The Viking Press, 1971.Subotnik, Rose Rosengard. Developing Variations Style and Ideology in Hesperian Music. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press, 1991.

IMF, World Bank And Africa Essay -- Economics Banks African Essays

IMF, gentleman Bank And AfricaAn avid viewer of television has seen the commercials characterization shortages of food and mass starvation in Africa. Yet in these generation of relative prosperity, little is heard of Africas debt problem. Although the total debt of all African countries combined is small in comparison to that of the unite States, millions of people meet as a result. However, it is not until these countries let difficulty repaying their loans that the international lodge begins to take notice. Many African countries are currently in such(prenominal) debt that all new loans are used to repay old loans in a attempt to salvage any credit rating a sylvan might have (George, 13). Because many banks, particularly in the United states, have invested as much as 100 percent of their shareholders equity in these less developed countries (LDCs), the chances of a country defaulting on a loan sends tremors through the economic world (George, 39). in conclusion the countr ies are recognized as a poor credit bump and can no longer get loans. This is where the International monetary monetary fund (IMF) and the World Bank come into the picture. The structural adjustment programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have had greater negative set up than positive on the African countries that have adopted them. This essay impart examine the adjustment programs themselves and the political, social and economic effects adjustment programs have had on the countries that have accepted them.The IMF began as an organization whose purpose was to promote international trade and discourage protectionism while assisting in the correction of oddment payments disequilibria for those countries who required short-term assistance (World Bank, 7). The World Banks babe organization, the IMF, attempts to promote economic growth in certain countries through loans granted for specific development projects. Membership in the World Bank requires social status in the IMF. Recently the two organizations have been acting in project and often institute very similar policies.Members of the IMF are designated a periodical quota according to their economic standing, and are required to put down an sign percentage in gold, the remainder of which is payable in domestic currency. The LDC is allowed to conk on this quota and even surpass it providing that it agrees to certain go... ...arnounis, Chris C. The Debt Dilema of Developing Nations. West manner Ovoum Books. 1984George, Susan. A Fate Worst than Debt. New York Grove Press. 1998Harsch, Ernest. After fitting. Africa Report. 34(May) 1989Hodd, Micheal. Africa, the IMF and the World Bank. African Affairs. 1987Korner, Peter and Gero Maass. The IMF and the Crisis A Guide to the trine World. New Jersey Zed Books Ltd. 1984Kronsten, Gregory. The IMF in Africa Factor of stability or Unrest?. The World Today. 1987Lawrence, Peter .ed. World Recession & The Food Crises In Africa. L ondon, 1986Mittleman, James H. and Donald Will. The International Monetary Fund, State Autonomy and Human Rights. Africa Today. 1987Nowzad, Bahram .ed. The Macroeconomics cause of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs. International Monetary Fund Staff. Washington D.C. 1990Prendergast, John. Blood capital for Sudan The World Bank and the IMF to the Rescue. Africa Today. 1989.The World Bank Questions and Answers. Washington D.C. The World Bank. 1976. The World Bank Annual Report 1986. Washington D.C. The World Bank. 1986. http//flag.blackened.net/ revolution/africa/wsfws/3_1imf.html